Basica of ES/key issues, environmental thought/scientific thinking/systems, feedback loops, fundamentals of life

Question 1

the surroundings or conditions in which a person, animal, or plant lives or operates

Answer 1

environmental science

Question 2

the natural world, as a whole or in a particular geographical area, especially as affected by human activity

Answer 2

environmental science

Question 3

the surroundings of a physical system that may interact with the system by exchanging mass, energy, or other properties

Answer 3

environmental science

Question 4

Physical sciences + social sciences (it is integrative)
Physics, chemistry, biology, geography
Political science, economics, communications

Answer 4

environmental science

Question 5

a type of “is” statement

Answer 5

descriptive

Question 6

a type of “ought” or “should” statement

Answer 6

prescription

Question 7

Detailed accounts of factors involved in pollution, conservation of resources, population dynamics, etc.

Answer 7

observation

Question 8

Our capacity for making observations is limited

Answer 8

uncertainty

Question 9

Examining underlying premises/assumptions

Acknowledging uncertainty

Answer 9

critical/analytical thinking

Question 10

Population stabilization in industrialized countries
Medical advances
Renewable energy sources
Increased political commitment to conservation
Increased access to information and education
Marine protected areas and improved fishery management

Answer 10

signs of progress

Question 11

environment-focused values

Answer 11

ecocentrism

Question 12

E.g., Aldo Leopold, Rachel Carson

Answer 12

eco-scientific

Question 13

E.g., Buddhism, John Muir, and aesthetic philosophies

Answer 13

eco-religious/moral

Question 14

human-focused values

Answer 14

anthropocentrism

Question 15

E.g., Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, Adam Smith and the “invisible hand,” Garret Hardin and the “Tragedy of the Commons”

Answer 15

self-interest

Question 16

E.g., Gifford Pinchot and Teddy Roosevelt

Answer 16

utilitarian/pragmatism

Question 17

Scientific
Cultural, social, and indigenous
Emotional and visceral

Answer 17

forms of environmental knowledge

Question 18

the intellectual and practical activity encompassing the systematic study of the structure and behavior of the physical and natural world through observation and experiment

Answer 18

scientific thought

Question 19

a systematically organized body of knowledge on a particular subject

Answer 19

scientific thought

Question 20

a systematic enterprise that builds and organizesknowledgein the form of testable explanations and predictions about nature and theuniverse

Answer 20

scientific thought

Question 21

the pursuit and application of knowledge and understanding of the natural and social world following a systematic methodology based on evidence

Answer 21

scientific thought

Question 22

“Father of science”

Answer 22

Thales of Miletus

Question 23

Predicted solar eclipse

Answer 23

Thales of Miletus

Question 24

Most famous theory: water as the single material substance

Answer 24

Thales of Miletus

Question 25

Proposed rational hypotheses: Earth floats atop water, earthquakes are the result of waves

Answer 25

Thales of Miletus

Question 26

Major point: naturalistic explanation rather than supernatural explanation

Answer 26

Thales of Miletus

Question 27

Logic, philosophy

Answer 27

Antiquity

Question 28

geocentric model of universe

Answer 28

Ptolemy 1st century

Question 29

observation of stars, rotation of Earth (rather than sky)

Answer 29

Aryabhata 5th century

Question 30

invention of gun powder based on experimentation

Answer 30

Chinese 6th century

Question 31

developed formal concept of scientific experiment, explained vision as light entering the eye

Answer 31

Alhazen 1000 CE

Question 32

Copernican revolution Enlightenment , “Scientific Revolution,” and broader adoption of empiricism Information based on observation and measurement

Answer 32

mid-1500s

Question 33

Based on observation of the natural and social world All about asking “why” and “how” questions Systematic search for knowledge Cumulative – evidence supports theories, doesn’t prove them

Answer 33

modern scientific thought

Question 34

logical, orderly, analytical assessment of ideas, evidence, and arguments

Answer 34

critical thought

Question 35

network of interdependent components and processes, with materials and energy flowing from one component of the system to another

Answer 35

definition of system

Question 36

Types of systems

Answer 36

open and closed systems

Question 37

stable balance

Answer 37

Equilibrium

Question 38

the outputs of a system are routed back as inputs

Answer 38

Feedback loops

Question 39

changes in one state variable lead to an increase in that variable

Answer 39

positive loop

Question 40

changes in one state variable lead to a decrease in that variable

Answer 40

negative loop

Question 41

cannot be created or destroyed, but is recycled/changes forms

Answer 41

conservation of matter

Question 42

matter that cannot be broken down into simpler components by ordinary chemical reactions

Answer 42

elements

Question 43

smallest particles that exhibit the characteristics of an element

Answer 43

atoms

Question 44

characteristics of atoms

Answer 44

protons (+), electrons(-), neutrons

Question 45

number of protons in an atom, defining component of an element

Answer 45

Atomic number

Question 46

same number of protons but different number of neutrons, different atomic mass

Answer 46

isotopes

Question 47

all atoms or molecules in the substance are identical, exist in particular, fixed ratios

Answer 47

pure substances

Question 48

substances that can’t be decomposed

Answer 48

elements

Question 49

substances that can be decomposed

Answer 49

compounds

Question 50

more than one type of atom or molecule in the substance; variable compositions (e.g., 50% sugar solution)

Answer 50

mixtures

Question 51

gain/loss of electrons

Answer 51

electric charge

Question 52

atoms that have gained/lost electrons

Answer 52

ions

Question 53

negative ion

Answer 53

anion

Question 54

positive ion

Answer 54

cation

Question 55

give H+ ions into solution

Answer 55

acids

Question 56

give OH– ions into solution

Answer 56

bases

Question 57

concentration of H+ ions in a solution

Answer 57

pH

Question 58

complex molecules based on chains/rings of carbon

Answer 58

organic compounds

Question 59

fats/oils, store energy

Answer 59

lipids

Question 60

sugars/starches, store energy

Answer 60

carbohydrates

Question 61

made of amino acids, provide cell structure

Answer 61

proteins

Question 62

sugar + phosphate + nitrogen base, DNA and RNA

Answer 62

nucleic acids