basics 1

Question 1

how can we study exercise using animals?

Answer 1

• swimming
• treadmill running
• wheel running
• in situ rat hindlimb perfusion
• ex vivo isolated muscle incubation

Question 2

pros and cons of swimming

Answer 2

pros: very strenuos exerciose so you can see robust adaptaions, inexpensive

Cons: may not mimic exercise in humans, some animals float, hard to quanify the amount of exercise done

Question 3

pros and cons of treadmill running

Answer 3

pros: mimics human exercise can control amount of exercise done - intensity and duration

Cons: expensive, some animals are not good runners

Question 4

pros and cons of wheel running

Answer 4

pros: inexpensive, not stress full, easy to perform

cons: limited relation between human exercise as mice can run more than 8hrs a night

Question 5

limb perfusion

Answer 5

pros: can directly stimulate the sciatic nerve

Cons: less physiological lab stimulated conditions

Question 6

hindlimb incubation

Answer 6

pros: very tight control over incubation, can stimulate to contract

cons: very non-physiological, disrupted blood flow, only some muscle are suitable

Question 7

define energy

Answer 7

the capacity to do work

Question 8

energy balance

Answer 8

amount of energy in vs. out

Question 9

equation of energy cannot be created or destroyed

Answer 9

energy stored = energy intake - energy expended

Question 10

what comprises total daily energy expenditure (TDEE)

Answer 10

• resting energy expenditure (REE), including resting metabolic rate (RMR) + Basal metabolic rate (BMR)
• thermal effect of food (TEF)
• Physical activity

Question 11

Distributed % of TDEE

Answer 11

• REE - 60-75%
• TEF - 5-10%
• physical activity - 15-30% - highly variable

Question 12

TEE _____ with an increase of fat free mass

Answer 12

increases

Question 13

TEE is _______ in males due to larger muscle mass

Answer 13

higher

Question 14

TEE and fat free mass are stable until ___ years old

Answer 14

60 years old

Question 15

fat free mass ___ up to 60 years old

Answer 15

increases

Question 16

age related fat gain is likely due to ______ NOT _____

Answer 16

increased energy uptake

not energy expenditure

Question 17

what happens years after significant weight loss

Answer 17

• regain most weight
• maintain most fat free mass
• RMR is blunted (easier to gain weight)

Question 18

most of ATP is lost as ____

Answer 18

heat

Question 19

what does direct calorimetry measure

Answer 19

heat generated in a sealed chamber which is directly related to amount of energy expended

Question 20

what does indirect caloimetry measure

Answer 20

measures oxygen consumption