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Pathophysiology & Pharmacology > Basics > Flashcards

Basics Flashcards

1
Q

Pathology Definition

A

Study of biological causes and process of disease

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2
Q

Disease Definition and Types

A

Structural or functional change that is harmful to the organism

Organic Disease
Functional Disease

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3
Q

Organic Disease

A

Disease associated w/ structural changes

Ex: cancer, viral/bacterial infection resulting in cell death

Cancer = tumor = structural changes

Viral/Bacterial infection = kills cells = structural change

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4
Q

Functional Disease

A

Disease associated w/ change in tissue/organ function

Ex: irritable bowel disorder, GERD

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5
Q

Pathology’s Importance in Allied Health Professions

A

Allied health practitioners are typically the first in line of medical care

An understanding of the pathology of injury and illness allows the allied health practitioner to identify injury and illness and make appropriate referrals and appropriately treat the injury or illness

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6
Q

Signs

A

Observable indication of pathology

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7
Q

Symptoms

A

Abnormal function, appearance or sensation experienced by the pt.

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8
Q

Diagnosis

A

Identification of a specific injury or illness as determined by medical examination

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9
Q

Prognosis

A

Prediction of the course of a condition

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10
Q

Sequela

A

A condition following and resulting from a disease or injury

Ex: pneumonia from COVID

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11
Q

Syndrome

A

Group of symptoms and signs commonly associated with a particular disease or injury (things you would expect from a disease/injury)

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12
Q

Causes of Pathology: Predisposing Factors

A

Condition or situation that may make the person more susceptible to injury or illness
- Age (compromised immune
systems)
~ Newborn (haven’t been
exposed yet)
~ Elderly (not as strong
anymore)
- Sex
- Genetics
~ Defective genes are passed
along by the parents (sickle
cell)
~ Gene mutation (cancer)

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13
Q

Causes of Pathology: Exogenous Causes

A

Cause from outside the body

- Physical 
      ~ Extreme heat/cold
      ~ Electricity 
      ~ Atmospheric pressure change
      ~ Radiation
      ~ Direct trauma 
- Chemical 
      ~ Poisoning
      ~ Drug reaction
- Microbiologic (infection can result 
   in cell death and/or dysfunction) 
       ~ Virus
       ~ Bacteria
       ~ Fungus
       ~ Parasite
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14
Q

Causes of Pathology: Endogenous Causes

A

Cause is from inside the body

- Vascular
       ~ Obstructed blood flow 
          (stroke, DVT, heart attack)
       ~ Hemorrhage (stroke)
- Immunologic 
        ~ Autoimmunity (body's own 
           immune systems causes 
           disease)
        ~ Allergy
        ~ Immune deficiency 
- Metabolic (abnormalities involving 
   regulation of lipid, carbohydrate, 
   protein, minerals, vitamins, fluid)
         ~ Type 2 diabetes
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15
Q

Causes of Pathology: Idiopathic

A

Cause of the disease is unkown

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16
Q

Principles of Diagnosis: Physical Exam

A
  • Observation, palpation, listening, smelling for signs of illness
  • Comprehensive, but focus on the part of the body affected by the disease
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16
Q

Principles of Diagnosis: History

A

History of current illness
- Details concerning severity, time
of onset and characteristics of
pts. symptoms
Past medical history
- Info on past disease
~ General health
~ Correlation to present disease
Family history
Social history
- Habits
~ Exercise
~ Tobacco use
~ Alcohol use
~ Drug use
- Occupation

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16
Q

Principles of Diagnosis: Lab Testing

A

(“Special Tests”)
- Imaging
- Blood
- Urine

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17
Q

Body’s Response to Pathology

A

Inflammation
- Natural physiological changes
- Fluid, chemicals and cells are
brought to the area to:
~ Limit injury
~ Remove debris
~ Prepare for healing
~ Rid of infectious organisms
- Occurs in somewhat predictable
phases
~ Phases are progressive, but
overlap one another

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18
Q

Triggers for Inflammation

A
  • Necrosis
    ~ Cell death
  • Degeneration
    ~ Sublethal cell injury
  • Exposure to allergen/pathogen
    ~ Triggers immune system
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19
Q

Signs and Symptoms of Inflammation

A
  • Pain
    ~ Caused by damage to nerve endings
    and release of histamine,
    prostaglandin, serotonin and
    bradykinin.
  • Redness & Heat
    ~ Caused by the increased blood flow
    and vasodilation.
  • Swelling
    ~ Caused by plasma/exudate
    movement.
  • Loss of Function
    ~ Caused by swelling, pain and/or
    neurological damage.
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20
Q

Fever Production

A
  • PGE2 is produced through the COX pathway.
  • PGE2 triggers the hypothalamus to increase body temperature by:
    ~ Increasing Metabolism (causes more
    heat)
    ~ Vasoconstriction in extremities
    (blood goes to core and increases
    heat)
    ~ Inducing shivering (muscle
    contraction causes increase in heat)
  • Fever occurs naturally to try and kill off bacteria because bacteria doesn’t like high temps
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21
Q

Infection

A
  • Disease caused by microorganism (viral, bacterial, fungal or parasitic) invasion.
  • Transmission Methods
    ~ Direct Contact
    > Contact with skin or mucous
    membranes.
    > Contact with sputum and
    discharges from respiratory
    system.
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22
Q

Transmission Methods: Indirect Contact

A
  • Contact w/ surfaces that have been contaminated (bedding, clothes, etc.)
  • Contaminates
    ~ Blood
    ~ Sputum and discharges from
    respiratory system
    ~ Feces or urine
    ~ Saliva
23
Q

Transmission Methods: Airborne

A
  • Pathogens carried in evaporated residue of human discharges
  • Pathogens carried in dust from contaminated bedding or soil
24
Q

Transmission Methods: Vector

A
  • Pathogens carried on or in another organism that’s not infected
  • Mosquito bites infected host and bites an uninfected host
25
Q

Stages of Disease: Incubation

A

Period between initial infection and the appearance of signs and symptoms of disease

26
Q

Stages of Disease: Prodromal

A
  • Short interval after incubation
  • Develop non-specific symptoms (due to inflammatory response)
    ~ Fever
    ~ Headache
    ~ Aches and pains
  • Disease is contagious
27
Q

Stages of Disease: Acme

A
  • Specific signs and symptoms of the disease develop and peak
  • Highly contagious!
28
Q

Stages of Disease: Convalescence

A
  • Symptoms subside
  • Host regains normal functioning
  • Disease can still be contagious
29
Q

Defenses Against Infection: Structural

A
  • Unbroken Skin
  • Nasal Hairs
  • Respiratory Cilia
  • Respiratory Mucous
30
Q

Defenses Against Infection: Chemical

A
  • Lysozyme
    ~ Enzyme found in tears, saliva, and
    lymphocytes
    ~ Dissolves walls of bacteria
  • Interferon
    ~ Protein found throughout body
    ~ Produced by leukocytes
    ~ Interferes w/ virus production
31
Q

Defenses Against Infection: Cellular Defense/Lymphatic System

A
  • Runs Parallel to the Venous System
  • Widely Distributed
    ~ Lymph Nodes
    ~ Spleen
    ~ Liver
    ~ Thymus
    ~ Bone Marrow
  • Removes wastes
32
Q

Non-Specific Cells Associated with Defense: Macrophages

A
  • Monocytes and Neutrophils
  • Originate from the bone marrow.
  • Activated when cells are damaged to ingest the pathogens or debris.
33
Q

Acquired Immunity

A
  • Cell Mediated Immunity
    ~ Specialized lymphocytes that attack
    and destroy foreign material
    (bacteria, virus, parasites, fungus)
  • Humoral Immunity
    ~ Production of anti-bodies that work
    to eliminate foreign material
34
Q

Antigen

A
  • Protein or sugar on the surface of cells
  • Identifies cell type
  • Identifies whether a cell is foreign
35
Q

Cell Associated with Defense: T-Lymphocytes

A
  • Produced by the thymus
  • Have receptors on their cell membrane to recognize specific antigens
36
Q

T-Lymphocytes: Regulators

A
  • One Type secretes proteins to activate effector T-cells and B-lymphocytes (helpers)
  • Second type secretes protein to inhibit excessive immune system response (suppressors)
37
Q

T-Lymphocytes: Effector

A
  • One type attacks and kills cells infected with bacteria or virus (killers)
  • Second type accumulates at site of infection to attract and activate macrophages (neutrophils and monocytes)
38
Q

Cells Associated with Defense: B-Lymphocytes

A
  • Produced by the bone marrow
  • Produce antibodies for specific antigens
    ~ Plasma protein
    ~ Destroys or disables pathogens
39
Q

Antigen/Antibody Reaction

A
  • Pathogen enters the body
  • Antigens on the surface of the pathogen identify it as foreign
  • Specific B-lymphocytes produce specific antibodies against the pathogen
  • Antibodies bind to the antigen
    ~ Interfere with the pathogens ability to
    attach to cells
    ~ Coat pathogens to ease ingestion by
    macrophages
    ~ Attract proteins and enzymes that can
    damage the pathogen

(Antibodies keep pathogens from attacking cells, attract other cells to eat it, and or kill it)

40
Q

Immune Reaction Characteristics: Specificity

A
  • On antibody T-cell will react specifically to the antigen that induced its formation
  • Will not react with other antigens
41
Q

Immune Reaction Characteristics: Memory

A

Once an immunological response has taken place in reaction to a specific pathogen the system can produce the correct antibody T-cells more rapidly and in larger amounts in reaction to later exposure to the pathogen

42
Q

Immune Reaction Characteristics: Tolerance

A

The lymphatic system will not initiate an immunological response to the body’s own antigens

43
Q

Natural Killer Cells

A
  • Lymphocytes that target virus infected cells and cancer cells
    ~ Don’t require the presence of foreign
    antigens or specific antibodies for
    activation
    ~ Activated by proteins secreted by T-
    lymphocytes
    ~ Fast response
44
Q

Vaccine

A
  • Introduction to antigen/proteins of infection causing bacteria or virus
    ~ Dead or inactive bacterial or viral
    material injected
    ~ Triggers cells to produce foreign
    proteins
  • Takes advantage of the “memory” characteristic of the immune system
  • Can cause some prodromal symptoms, but doesn’t cause infection
    ~ Natural inflammatory response
    causes symptoms
45
Q

What is a Drug?

A
  • Chemical demonstrated to be effective for preventing or treating a disease.
  • Drug Development
    ~ Prove effectiveness of chemical
    already known to have a therapeutic
    effect.
    > Aspirin/Salicylic Acid -
    Chemical identified in willow
    tree bark used for thousands
    of years for pain and headache
    ~ Design a chemical from scratch for a
    specific purpose.
    ~ Identify unpredicted effects of drugs
    intended for another use.
    > Viagra/Sildenafil - First
    developed to treat
    hypertension and angina
    pectoris (chest pain).
46
Q

Drug Safety

A
  • Prior to 1962 there was a less stringent process for evaluating the safety of drugs to protect the public.
    ~ Manufacturers could sell a new drug
    if the Food and Drug Administration
    (FDA) did not act within 60 days to
    prevent its marketing.
    ~ Did not have to prove effectiveness
    and only safety if FDA asked for it.
  • A drug used to relieve morning sickness (Kevadon/Thalidomide) and used mostly in foreign countries was causing significant birth defects.
    ~ Drug distributed to 1200 US
    physicians.
    ~ 17 births of deformed infants tied to
    Kevadon in the US.
    ~ The Kefauver-Harris Amendment
    was approved in 1962 leading to the
    process now in place for drug
    approval.
47
Q

FDA Process

A
  • FDA reviews and approves all new drugs before they’re available to the public
  • Process involves two main steps:
    ~ Preclinical Testing
    > Testing on animals to confirm the
    desired effects of the chemical
    biological systems
    ~ Clinical Trials (testing on humans)
    > Confirm desired effects in human
    physiology
    > Effectiveness on healthy persons
    and pts.
    > Identify adverse and long term
    effects
48
Q

Other FDA Processes

A
  • Evaluate drugs made before 1962
    ~ Mostly for effectiveness
  • Recall drugs that are unsafe or potentially unsafe
    ~ Class 1: Possibility that there’s a
    serious threat to consumer health
    ~ Class 2: May cause a temporary
    health problem
    ~ Class 3: Not likely to cause a health
    hazard (usually a labeling error)
49
Q

Drug Classifications

A
  • Nonprescription/Over the Counter (OTC)
  • Prescription
  • Controlled Substances
    ~ Controlled due to abuse potential
    and poor safety profile, at least
    theoretically
50
Q

OTC

A
  • Does not require a prescription
  • Usually lower dosage compared to prescription drugs
  • Often contain multiple active ingredients
    ~ Pt. usually has multiple things going
    on and companies target
51
Q

Prescription Drugs

A
  • Have greater potential for adverse effects than OTC drugs.
  • Medical supervision required.
    ~ Monitor Effectiveness
    ~ Monitor for interactions with other
    drugs. (pt may be unaware of
    dangers with combining drugs)
  • Used for a restricted amount of time.
52
Q

Controlled Substances (illegal or prescription)

A
  • Have abuse or safety concerns.
    ~ Manufacture, distribution, and use
    are more restricted.
  • Also referred to as scheduled
    substances.
    ~ Schedule 1
    > High abuse potential.
    > No accepted medical use
    > Ilegal drugs like heroin, LSD
    ~ Schedule 2
    > High abuse potential.
    > Accepted medical uses.
    ~ Schedule 3 - Lower abuse potential
    than schedule Il.
    ~ Schedule 4 - Lower abuse potential
    than schedule III.
    ~ Schedule 5 - Lowest abuse potential
    (cough medicine).
53
Q

Generic Name

A
  • Usually the drugs chemical name or a shortened version of it
  • Drugs official assigned name
  • Only one generic name for each drug
  • Ex: Acetaminophen is the generic name for Tylenol
54
Q

Trade/Brand Name

A
  • Name assigned by a manufacturer
  • Only one trade name can be assigned by the original developer until the drug patent has expired (20 years) then other companies can assign a trade name
55
Q

Generic vs. Trade Name

A
  • Generic drugs and name brand drugs are identical as far as active ingredients
    ~ Companies producing generic drugs
    must show that the drug is equivalent
    to the original trade name product
    ~ Generic and name brand drugs differ
    only in price and packaging
    > Low price is the main motivator
    of the consumer
    > Companies new to the
    manufacturing of the drug didn’t
    have to do initial testing
56
Q

Sharing Prescription Drugs is Bad

A
  • Illegal
  • Prescription medications are dispensed in a specific amount for treatment of a specific condition
    ~ Pt. focus on symptoms
    > Different conditions can have
    similar symptoms
  • Allergic reaction
    ~ NSAIDs
    ~ Antibiotics
  • Transfer infection with ophthalmic intranasal administration

Pathophysiology & Pharmacology (20 decks)

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