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Immunology > Basics > Flashcards

Basics Flashcards

1
Q

What is the one thing the body cannot recognize?

A

Prions

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2
Q

3 reactions of leukocytes

A

Phagocytosis, Cytotoxicity, Synthesis of soluble factors

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3
Q

Phagocytosis

A

Process of ingesting and enzymatically digesting particulate antigens

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4
Q

Cytotoxicity

A

Induction or lysis and/or apoptosis in tumor cells, mismatched tissue grafts, microbe-infected host cells

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5
Q

Innate immunity

A

all host defenses that are present and functional at birth

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6
Q

Adaptive immunity

A

Developed slowly in response to host contact with specific antigen

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7
Q

Natural barriers of innate immunity

A

Skin, mucous membranes, enzymes, pH extremes, sneezing

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8
Q

Components of Adaptive Immunity

A

B/T lymphocytes, antibodies/immunoglobulins, plasma cells

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9
Q

Immunological memory

A

Characteristic of the adaptive immune system. Is the increase in speed and strength with which B and T lymphocytes response to antigen upon re-exposure to the same antigen.

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10
Q

Clonal Selection Theory

A

A given antigen will induce proliferation and differentiation only of those B/T lymphocytes will have specific specific for that antigen

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11
Q

Humoral Immunity

A

Mediated by soluble proteins and glycoproteins present in the serum and extracellular tissue fluids. Consists of antibodies, complement, and C-reactive proteins.

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12
Q

Cell-mediated Immunity

A

Responsible for elimination of intra/extracellular pathogens, tumors, damaged host cells.

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13
Q

Types of WBC phagocytes

A

Neutrophils
Monocytes/macrophages
Eosinophils

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14
Q

Types of Granulocytes

A

Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils
Mast Cells

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15
Q

Types of Cytotoxic cells

A

Natural killer cells

Cytotoxic cells

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16
Q

Opsonins

A

Antibody, complement components C3B and CRP. Coats bacteria and other particulate antigens to aid their recognition and ingestion by phagocytes. Opsonins take down the capsule’s protection against phagocytosis

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17
Q

Myeloid lineage Cells

A

Erythrocytes, Megakaryocytes, Polymorphonuclear granulocytes, Mononuclear phagocytes, dendritic cells

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18
Q

Lymphoid lineage Cells

A

B/T cells, NK cells, NKT cells, Innate lymphoid cells

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19
Q

What reverses anemia by restoring erythrocytes/RBCs?

A

Erythropoietin (Epotein, EPO)

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20
Q

What helps with recovery of PMNs only?

A

Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF). AKA Filgrastim

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21
Q

What helps with recovery of bone marrow PMNs, monocytes, and macrophages?

A

Granulocyte-monocyte colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF). AKA Sargramostim

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22
Q

What 2 recombinant cytokines are used to reverse thrombocytopenia?

A

Interleukins-11 (Oprelvekin) and Thrombopoietin (TPO).

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23
Q

B lymphocytes

A

CD 19, 20, 21
Secrete antibodies, aiding in humoral immunity
Develop in the bone marrow

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24
Q

What CD marker do all T lymphocytes have?

A

CD3 and TCR

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25
Q

Helper T cells

A

CD4

Promotes immunity thru cytosine secretion (boss of immunity)

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26
Q

Regulatory T cells

A

CD4, 25

Prevents autoimmunity thru cytokine secretion

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27
Q

Cytotoxic T cells

A

CD 8

Kills infected cells/tumors/graft cells

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28
Q

Natural killer cells

A

CD 16, 56

Kills infected cells/tumors/graft cells

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29
Q

Natural killer T cells

A

CD 16, 56, TCR, NK1.1
Protects against microbial invasion thru the gut
Part of innate immune system

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30
Q

Innate lymphoid cells

A

No CD markers.

Protects mucosa from infection. Can contribute to mucosal inflammation

31
Q

What does the T cell antigen receptor (TCR) do?

A

Binds to the antigen

32
Q

What CD mediates signal transduction in T cells?

A

CD3

33
Q

What antibodies does NK cells collaborate with during antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity?

A

IgG

34
Q

What is the difference between monocytes and macrophages?

A

Monocytes circulate in the blood until they reach the tissue they will inhabit, then they differentiate into macrophages

35
Q

Process of phagocytosis?

A

Extension of pseudopodia, formation of phagosome, enzymes destroy the peptidoglycan of the bacterial wall, reactive oxygen species damage proteins/DNA

36
Q

Antigen processing

A

The destruction of bacterium inside of the phagolysosome

37
Q

Major histocompatibility molecules (MHC)

A

Proteins produced by macrophages. Placed on the surface of macrophages. Interact with TCR of T-cells

38
Q

Antigen-presenting cells (APCs)

A

When macrophages present a MHC on the surface of their cell

39
Q

Dendritic cells

A

Found under the epithelia and in most organs. Called Langerhans cells in skin. Most effective APCs. Necessary for activating naive T cells

40
Q

Characteristics of granulocytes

A

Short-lived, multi-lobed nucleus, rich in enzymes, produce reactive oxygen species

41
Q

Neutrophil

A

Purple, kills extracellular bacteria, make up 60% of WBCs, Receptors for IgG

42
Q

Eosinophils

A

Red staining, kill worms, participate in immediate hypersensitivity reactions, receptors for IgE

43
Q

Basophils

A

Purple-black staining, kill worms, Participate in immediate hypersensitivity reactions, good source of histamine, receptors for IgE

44
Q

Mast Cells

A

Purple staining, kill worms, participate in hypersensitivity reactions, major source if histamine, tissue-fixed, long-lived, receptors for IgE, major contributor for Hay fever reaction

45
Q

Megakaryocytes

A

Large cell with lobulated nucleus found in bone marrow, gives rise to platelets after cell bursts

46
Q

Platelets

A

Enucleate cells that promote blood clotting and inflammation. Binds to collagen exposed on damaged endothelial cells, forming microthrombi

47
Q

Rough range of normal WBC count

A

4800-11000/µL

48
Q

Primary lymphoid organs

A

Bone marrow/Thymus. Where T/B lymphocytes 1st begin expression of antigen receptor

49
Q

Secondary lymphoid organs

A

Where lymphocytes respond to antigens (clonal selection/proliferation)
Spleen, lymph nodes, mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT)

50
Q

Hematopoietic stem cells

A

Express CD34 and stem cell antigen-1 (SCA-1). used for transplantation and immune reconstruction

51
Q

Developmental stages of B cell

A

Stem cell→Pro-B cell→Pre-B cell→Immature B cell→Mature B cell→Memory or plasma cell

52
Q

DiGeorge syndrome

A

Chromosome 22 deletion that results in little to no thymus. Few to no functional T cells→CD3 deficient. Commonly have hypocalcimic toxicity tetany post-delivery

53
Q

Subcapsular region of thymus

A

Double negative thymocytes. NO CD4 or 8, or TCR

54
Q

Cortex of the thymus

A

Double-positive T cell precursors. Express CD4/8 and TCR

55
Q

Medulla of the thymus

A

Contains mature, single-positive T cells that express EITHER CD4 or 8, plus TCR and CD3. Contains Hassall’s corpuscles

56
Q

Hassall’s corpuscles

A

In the medulla of the thymus. Play a role in dendritic cell/regulatory T cell differentiation

57
Q

Where are the antigens that lymph nodes primarily responding to entering the body?

A

Skin and subcutaneous tissue

58
Q

Functions of lymph nodes

A

Survey the lymph by macrophages, storage of B/T cells, antibody production

59
Q

Functions of the lymphatic system

A

Maintain pressure/volume of interstitial fluid and blood. Isolate infectious agents and cellular debris

60
Q

Anatomical compartments of the lymph node

A

Cortex, Paracortex, medulla

61
Q

Cortex of the lymph node

A

1º follicles contain naive B cells. 2º follicles contain germinal centers with B cells undergoing mitosis in response to antigen stimulation

62
Q

Paracortex

A

T cell area. Lymphocytes enter via high endothelial venules. Becomes enlarged during extreme cellular immune responses. Poorly developed in DiGeorge syndrome

63
Q

High endothelial Venules

A

Contain specialized cuboidal cells that express adhesion molecules in high density and allow lymphocytes to bind tightly to the venue wall

64
Q

Medulla of Lymph nodes

A

Cords: closely packed lymphocytes/plasma cells
Sinuses: contain macrophages and communicate with efferent lymphatics

65
Q

Spleen

A

Major organ where antibodies are synthesized. Responds 1º to blood-borne antigens. In ULQ of abdomen

66
Q

Infections commonly found in pts without a spleen

A

Pneumonia, Influenza, Salmonella, Neisseria

67
Q

White pulp of spleen

A

Lymphocyte-rich regions. Periarteriolar lymphoid sheath and B cell rich follicles

68
Q

Where are the T cells found in the white pulp of the spleen?

A

PALS (periarteriolar lymphoid sheaths)

69
Q

Red pulp of the spleen

A

Contains plasma cells, resident macrophages, erythrocytes, platelets, granulocytes, lymphocytes. HEMOCATHERSIS. Recycled iron stored here

70
Q

Hemocatheresis

A

Destruction of aged platelets and erythrocytes

71
Q

Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT)

A

Responds primarily to antigens that enter the body via mucosal surfaces. >50% of body’s lymphoid tissue.

72
Q

What do B lymphocytes in the MALT produce?

A

Secretory IgA

73
Q

Peter’s patches

A

Loose clusters of lymphoid tissue found in the small intestine.

74
Q

M cells

A

epithelial cells that cover Peyer’s patches. Specialized for transcytosis of antigens from the lime not the sub epithelial T cells.

Immunology (5 decks)

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