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Basics Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the one thing the body cannot recognize?

A

Prions

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2
Q

3 reactions of leukocytes

A

Phagocytosis, Cytotoxicity, Synthesis of soluble factors

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3
Q

Phagocytosis

A

Process of ingesting and enzymatically digesting particulate antigens

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4
Q

Cytotoxicity

A

Induction or lysis and/or apoptosis in tumor cells, mismatched tissue grafts, microbe-infected host cells

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5
Q

Innate immunity

A

all host defenses that are present and functional at birth

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6
Q

Adaptive immunity

A

Developed slowly in response to host contact with specific antigen

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7
Q

Natural barriers of innate immunity

A

Skin, mucous membranes, enzymes, pH extremes, sneezing

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8
Q

Components of Adaptive Immunity

A

B/T lymphocytes, antibodies/immunoglobulins, plasma cells

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9
Q

Immunological memory

A

Characteristic of the adaptive immune system. Is the increase in speed and strength with which B and T lymphocytes response to antigen upon re-exposure to the same antigen.

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10
Q

Clonal Selection Theory

A

A given antigen will induce proliferation and differentiation only of those B/T lymphocytes will have specific specific for that antigen

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11
Q

Humoral Immunity

A

Mediated by soluble proteins and glycoproteins present in the serum and extracellular tissue fluids. Consists of antibodies, complement, and C-reactive proteins.

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12
Q

Cell-mediated Immunity

A

Responsible for elimination of intra/extracellular pathogens, tumors, damaged host cells.

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13
Q

Types of WBC phagocytes

A

Neutrophils
Monocytes/macrophages
Eosinophils

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14
Q

Types of Granulocytes

A

Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils
Mast Cells

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15
Q

Types of Cytotoxic cells

A

Natural killer cells

Cytotoxic cells

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16
Q

Opsonins

A

Antibody, complement components C3B and CRP. Coats bacteria and other particulate antigens to aid their recognition and ingestion by phagocytes. Opsonins take down the capsule’s protection against phagocytosis

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17
Q

Myeloid lineage Cells

A

Erythrocytes, Megakaryocytes, Polymorphonuclear granulocytes, Mononuclear phagocytes, dendritic cells

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18
Q

Lymphoid lineage Cells

A

B/T cells, NK cells, NKT cells, Innate lymphoid cells

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19
Q

What reverses anemia by restoring erythrocytes/RBCs?

A

Erythropoietin (Epotein, EPO)

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20
Q

What helps with recovery of PMNs only?

A

Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF). AKA Filgrastim

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21
Q

What helps with recovery of bone marrow PMNs, monocytes, and macrophages?

A

Granulocyte-monocyte colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF). AKA Sargramostim

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22
Q

What 2 recombinant cytokines are used to reverse thrombocytopenia?

A

Interleukins-11 (Oprelvekin) and Thrombopoietin (TPO).

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23
Q

B lymphocytes

A

CD 19, 20, 21
Secrete antibodies, aiding in humoral immunity
Develop in the bone marrow

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24
Q

What CD marker do all T lymphocytes have?

A

CD3 and TCR

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25
Helper T cells
CD4 | Promotes immunity thru cytosine secretion (boss of immunity)
26
Regulatory T cells
CD4, 25 | Prevents autoimmunity thru cytokine secretion
27
Cytotoxic T cells
CD 8 | Kills infected cells/tumors/graft cells
28
Natural killer cells
CD 16, 56 | Kills infected cells/tumors/graft cells
29
Natural killer T cells
CD 16, 56, TCR, NK1.1 Protects against microbial invasion thru the gut Part of innate immune system
30
Innate lymphoid cells
No CD markers. | Protects mucosa from infection. Can contribute to mucosal inflammation
31
What does the T cell antigen receptor (TCR) do?
Binds to the antigen
32
What CD mediates signal transduction in T cells?
CD3
33
What antibodies does NK cells collaborate with during antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity?
IgG
34
What is the difference between monocytes and macrophages?
Monocytes circulate in the blood until they reach the tissue they will inhabit, then they differentiate into macrophages
35
Process of phagocytosis?
Extension of pseudopodia, formation of phagosome, enzymes destroy the peptidoglycan of the bacterial wall, reactive oxygen species damage proteins/DNA
36
Antigen processing
The destruction of bacterium inside of the phagolysosome
37
Major histocompatibility molecules (MHC)
Proteins produced by macrophages. Placed on the surface of macrophages. Interact with TCR of T-cells
38
Antigen-presenting cells (APCs)
When macrophages present a MHC on the surface of their cell
39
Dendritic cells
Found under the epithelia and in most organs. Called Langerhans cells in skin. Most effective APCs. Necessary for activating naive T cells
40
Characteristics of granulocytes
Short-lived, multi-lobed nucleus, rich in enzymes, produce reactive oxygen species
41
Neutrophil
Purple, kills extracellular bacteria, make up 60% of WBCs, Receptors for IgG
42
Eosinophils
Red staining, kill worms, participate in immediate hypersensitivity reactions, receptors for IgE
43
Basophils
Purple-black staining, kill worms, Participate in immediate hypersensitivity reactions, good source of histamine, receptors for IgE
44
Mast Cells
Purple staining, kill worms, participate in hypersensitivity reactions, major source if histamine, tissue-fixed, long-lived, receptors for IgE, major contributor for Hay fever reaction
45
Megakaryocytes
Large cell with lobulated nucleus found in bone marrow, gives rise to platelets after cell bursts
46
Platelets
Enucleate cells that promote blood clotting and inflammation. Binds to collagen exposed on damaged endothelial cells, forming microthrombi
47
Rough range of normal WBC count
4800-11000/µL
48
Primary lymphoid organs
Bone marrow/Thymus. Where T/B lymphocytes 1st begin expression of antigen receptor
49
Secondary lymphoid organs
Where lymphocytes respond to antigens (clonal selection/proliferation) Spleen, lymph nodes, mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT)
50
Hematopoietic stem cells
Express CD34 and stem cell antigen-1 (SCA-1). used for transplantation and immune reconstruction
51
Developmental stages of B cell
Stem cell→Pro-B cell→Pre-B cell→Immature B cell→Mature B cell→Memory or plasma cell
52
DiGeorge syndrome
Chromosome 22 deletion that results in little to no thymus. Few to no functional T cells→CD3 deficient. Commonly have hypocalcimic toxicity tetany post-delivery
53
Subcapsular region of thymus
Double negative thymocytes. NO CD4 or 8, or TCR
54
Cortex of the thymus
Double-positive T cell precursors. Express CD4/8 and TCR
55
Medulla of the thymus
Contains mature, single-positive T cells that express EITHER CD4 or 8, plus TCR and CD3. Contains Hassall's corpuscles
56
Hassall's corpuscles
In the medulla of the thymus. Play a role in dendritic cell/regulatory T cell differentiation
57
Where are the antigens that lymph nodes primarily responding to entering the body?
Skin and subcutaneous tissue
58
Functions of lymph nodes
Survey the lymph by macrophages, storage of B/T cells, antibody production
59
Functions of the lymphatic system
Maintain pressure/volume of interstitial fluid and blood. Isolate infectious agents and cellular debris
60
Anatomical compartments of the lymph node
Cortex, Paracortex, medulla
61
Cortex of the lymph node
1º follicles contain naive B cells. 2º follicles contain germinal centers with B cells undergoing mitosis in response to antigen stimulation
62
Paracortex
T cell area. Lymphocytes enter via high endothelial venules. Becomes enlarged during extreme cellular immune responses. Poorly developed in DiGeorge syndrome
63
High endothelial Venules
Contain specialized cuboidal cells that express adhesion molecules in high density and allow lymphocytes to bind tightly to the venue wall
64
Medulla of Lymph nodes
Cords: closely packed lymphocytes/plasma cells Sinuses: contain macrophages and communicate with efferent lymphatics
65
Spleen
Major organ where antibodies are synthesized. Responds 1º to blood-borne antigens. In ULQ of abdomen
66
Infections commonly found in pts without a spleen
Pneumonia, Influenza, Salmonella, Neisseria
67
White pulp of spleen
Lymphocyte-rich regions. Periarteriolar lymphoid sheath and B cell rich follicles
68
Where are the T cells found in the white pulp of the spleen?
PALS (periarteriolar lymphoid sheaths)
69
Red pulp of the spleen
Contains plasma cells, resident macrophages, erythrocytes, platelets, granulocytes, lymphocytes. HEMOCATHERSIS. Recycled iron stored here
70
Hemocatheresis
Destruction of aged platelets and erythrocytes
71
Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT)
Responds primarily to antigens that enter the body via mucosal surfaces. >50% of body's lymphoid tissue.
72
What do B lymphocytes in the MALT produce?
Secretory IgA
73
Peter's patches
Loose clusters of lymphoid tissue found in the small intestine.
74
M cells
epithelial cells that cover Peyer's patches. Specialized for transcytosis of antigens from the lime not the sub epithelial T cells.

Immunology (5 decks)

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