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Basics Flashcards

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1
Q

Serous membranes

A

Double layered lining with fluid-filled space between

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2
Q

Visceral membrane

A

Lining covering organs

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3
Q

Parietal membrane

A

Lining adhered to cavity wall 3 main types

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4
Q

Pericardium

A

Heart

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5
Q

Pleura

A

Lungs

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6
Q

Peritoneum

A

Abdominopelvic
Retroperitoneal
Mesenteries

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7
Q

Homeostasis

A

Maintenance of a stable internal body environment

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8
Q

Set point

A

Ideal normal value

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9
Q

Normal range

A

Allows for some fluctuation

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10
Q

Receptors

A

Organs

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11
Q

Control center

A

Brain

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12
Q

Effectors

A

Produces response, muscles and glands

Back to normal range, goal: set point

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13
Q

Negative feedback

A

Brings changes back to set point (within normal range)
Most common type of feedback

Blood sugar level and hormone insulin example,
Shivering and sweating examples

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14
Q

Positive feedback

A

Drives changes further from set point, further out of normal range
Less common type

Pregnancy contractions example

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15
Q

Elements

A

Fundamental substances that compose matter

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16
Q

Atoms

A

Smallest unit that determines behavior, goal to be stable

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17
Q

Protons

A

Positive, in nucleus

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18
Q

Neutrons

A

Neutral, in the nucleus

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19
Q

Electrons

A

Negative

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20
Q

Isotopes

A

Varying number of neutrons

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21
Q

Electrolytes (ions)

A

When in water conducts electricity

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22
Q

Protons and electrons are equal

A

Electrically neutral

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23
Q

Ionic bond

A

One atom gives/ loses, one gains/adds

Becomes more POS. Becomes more NEG.

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24
Q

Covalent bond

A

Atoms share electrons

ARE MAJORITY of bonds in the body

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25
Polar covalent bonds
Hydrogen bonds, (weak), the hydrogen electrons slights more, partial charges
26
Na+
Sodium
27
K+
Potassium
28
Ca++
Calcium
29
Cl-
Chloride
30
HCO3
Bicarbonate
31
H+
Hydrogen
32
OH-
Hydroxide
33
Water's vital functions of the body
1. It allows for ions in solution 2. Lubricant 3. AIDS in chemical reactions 4. Transportation 5. Temp. Regulation
34
Hypotonic solution
Lysis when cell ruptures
35
Hypertonic
Crenation (flat)
36
Buffers
Resist acidic and alkaline
37
7 ph
Neutral
38
0-6
Acid
39
8-14
Base
40
Carbohydrates
Chains of Carbon, oxygen, hydrogen
41
Organic molecules
Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids
42
Monosaccharides
Simple sugars, | Glucose (major fuel for cells)
43
Concentration gradient
High conc. want to move low conc. (To be equal)
44
WATER CONC. GRADIENT
Likes to move from low to high conc.
45
Cellular respiration
1. Glycolysis 2. Kreisler cycle 3. Electron transport chain
46
Glycolysis
Dependent on glucose, 2 ATP, no O2, in the cytoplasm
47
Krebs cycle
Mitochondria, O2 present
48
Electron transport chain
Mitochondria, total 34 ATP
49
Centrioles
Set of Microtubules, perpendicular Centrosome, area of cytoplasm containing centrioles, Send out spindle fibers during cell division
50
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
Extension of the nuclear membrane, Smooth: no ribosomes, lipid and carb synthesis Rough: Ribosomes present, attached to surface, protein synthesis
51
Ribosomes
Protein synthesis, free (in cytoplasm), fixed (on rough ER), composed of protein and RNA Transcription - mRNA Translation - tRNA
52
Golgi Apparatus
Modifies and packages proteins into final product, into vesicles
53
Mitochondria
ATP (energy source) synthesis | Krebs cycle and electron transport chain
54
Vesicles
Storage and transport Lysosomes- break down BACTERIA Peroxisomes- break down TOXINS Secretory vesicles- store synthesized products
55
Cilia
Hair-like structures that move materials across cell surface
56
Flagellum
Tail-like structures that allow for cell motility (SPERM)
57
Cytoplasm
Cytosol- clear fluid containing nutrients, Organelles- constrains functional units of the cell Cytoskeleton- framework that helps maintain structures, allows for cellular movement and movement or organelles within the cell
58
Intracellular fluid
High in proteins, High in potassium | Inside cell
59
Extracellular fluid
High in sodium, outside of cell
60
Nucleus
DNA, control center, Nucleolus- RNA and proteins, creates ribosomes
61
Chromatin
Inside nucleus, long, thin
62
Chromosomes
Cell division, 46,
63
Chromatid
Match copy of DNA
64
Nuclear envelope
Pores that allows mRNA to leave and go to ribosome to create new proteins
65
Somatic cells
All cells in body except sex cells (MITOSIS)
66
Cell membrane
Movement in and out, selectively permeable: based on size, electrical charges, and transport proteins Semipermeable: based on size only LIPID bilayer
67
Hydrophilic
Head, loves water, towards ECF,
68
Hydrophobic
Hates water, tail, towards ICF
69
Cell membrane proteins
1. Attachment 2. Receptor- chemicals that tell cell what to do attach 3. Transport- use of Lipid bilayer, channels: open, ligand-gated, voltage, pumps 4. Enzymes 5. Markers
70
Lipids
Fats (triglycerides)- energy, protection Phospholipids- cell structure Steroids- hormones
71
Proteins
Amino acids, folding process because structure of protein determines function
72
Nucleic acids
DNA, C-G T-A RNA C-G T-U
73
ATP
Energy source of the human body
74
Metabolism
Sum total of all the chemical reactions that take place in the human body
75
Speed can be increased by
1. Increasing conc. Of reactants 2. Adding heat 3. Using catalysts (lower the activation energy)
76
Passive
No energy required Diffusion- concentration gradients Facilitated diffusion- proteins must be present Osmosis- Different amounts of pressure that water creates affecting movement of water, Isotonic, Hypotonic, Hypertonic
77
Active
Energy required, Active transport- move against concentration gradient Endocytosis- into the cell, pinocytosis, phagocytosis Exocytosis- out of the cell via vesicles

A&P (6 decks)

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