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Skeletal Sys. Flashcards

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1
Q

Functions of skeletal system

A
  1. Structure, support, movement
  2. Protection
  3. Hemopoiesis- blood cell produc. By bone marrow
  4. Mineral storage and calcium homeostasis
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2
Q

Flat bones

A

Broad surfaces

Ribs, scapulae, some skull bones

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3
Q

Irregular bones

A

Various shapes

Facial, vertebrae

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4
Q

Sesamoid

A

Small, flat, and located inside tendons

Patella

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5
Q

Short bones

A

Small, cube-shaped

Carpals, tarsals

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6
Q

Long bones

A

Long with expanded ends

Humerus, femur, phalanges, metacarpals, and metatarsals

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7
Q

Fx. Of bone features

A

Attachment sights for muscles, passageways for nerves, and articulation sites with other bones

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8
Q

Periosteum

A

CT layer covering bones, protection and growth

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9
Q

Compact bone

A

Very dense, strength and support

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10
Q

Spongy bone

A

Trabeculae- scaffolding, provides support and allows for storage of bone marrow which LIGHTENS overall bone

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11
Q

Osteoblasts

A

Build bone tissue, matrix with collagen fibers (flexibility), calcium phosphate to deposit (strength)

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12
Q

Osteoclasts

A

Break down bone matrix

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13
Q

Osteocytes

A

Bone cells trapped inside hardened matrix

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14
Q

Central canal

A

Haversian canals, blood and nerves to pass up and down length of bone

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15
Q

Perforating canals

A

Volkman canals, exterior to internal passing of blood and nerves (lateral movement)

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16
Q

Lacunae, lacuna (singular)

A

House mature bone cells (osteocytes)

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17
Q

Canaliculi

A

Tunnels, look like legs of spider, connect osteocytes in lacunae

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18
Q

Lamellae

A

Rings of Osteon

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19
Q

Ossification

A

Turning cartilage into bone

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20
Q

Periosteum 2 layers

A

Exterior coating,

  1. Fibrous- outermost
  2. Cellular- osteoclasts and osteoblasts live here
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21
Q

Epiphyseal plates (children) or lines (adults)

A

Growth, connects diaphysial and epiphysis

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22
Q

Hyaline cartilage

A

Articular cartilage, nasal cartilages, costal cartilages, ends of long bones

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23
Q

Fibrocartilage

A

Shock absorbing, intervertebral disks, menisci of the knee, and the pubic symphysis

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24
Q

Diaphysis (shaft)

A

Marrow/ medullary cavity- red marrow, as we age —> yellow marrow (fat)
Endosteum- cellular layer lining marrow cavity (growth)

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25
Epiphysis (ends, club-y)
Articular cartilage- hyaline, durability, and site of growth (ossification), responds to stress Red marrow- hemopoletic tissus (blood cells and platelets)
26
Intramembranous ossification
Flat bones during early uterus stages
27
Steps of intramembranous ossification
1. CT membranes form 2. Some cells become- Osteoblasts (to make bone) 3. Spongy bone (center, primary) 4. Osteoblasts form layer of compact bone on top of spongy bone
28
Endochondral ossification
All other bones (non-flat)
29
Steps to endochondral ossification
1. Bones preformed in hyaline cartilage model 2. Primary ossification center forms in center of cartilage 3. Osteoblasts form a compact bone collar around primary ossification center 4. Cartilage in primary center calcifies, cells die 5. Blood and nerves penetrate center, bringing osteoblasts 6. Osteoblasts form spongy bone @ primary ossification center
30
Endochondral growth (bone growth)
Length, occurs into epiphyseal plates become the line
31
Appositional growth (bone growth)
Makes bone wider, massive, occurs alone lines of stress
32
Bone remodeling
Entire length of life, in response to stress, dependent on nutrition
33
Bone repair
Upon trauma, 1. Cartilage callus laid down to provide immediate stabilization 2. Woven (temp., disorganized) bone replaces that 3. Lamellar bone (stronger) 4. Bone remodeling
34
Calcitonin
Hormone, bone production —> osteoblasts
35
Parathyroid (PTH)
Bone reabsorption, osteoclasts
36
Arch of foot
Held in place by ligaments
37
Joints/articulations
Junctions between bones, classified by anatomy and phys.
38
Fibrous
Sutures, syndesmoses (interosseos membranes), gomphoses (teeth)
39
Cartilaginous
Synchondroses, epiphyseal plates, ribs (sternum costal cartilages)
40
Synarthotic and amphiarthrotic
No movement, Or little movement (slightly) Fibrous and cartilaginous joints
41
Diarthrotic
Freely moveable, synovial joints
42
Bursae
Extension of synovial joint, found in areas of friction, pockets of fluid
43
Fibrous capsule
Holds joint together
44
Synovial membrane
Membrane lines inside of joint capsule (except at articulation site), synovial fluid- lubricating and nourishing (needed for joint health)
45
Sprain
Damage to ligament
46
Synovial joint —> the knee
5 ligaments, 1. and 2. the medial and lateral collateral ligaments 3. and 4. The anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments 5. The patellar ligament
47
Menisci
Fibrocartilage pads, shock absorbers, and stability
48
Ball and socket - the shoulder
Rotator cuff muscles and ligaments, Glenoid labrum- fibrocartilage rim around glenoid cavity Joint capsule- tendon of biceps brachii passes through
49
Rule of thumb on sockets
Increased mobility = decreased stability
50
Axial skeleton
Head, neck and trunk | Supports and protects
51
Appendicular
Upper and lower limbs, girdles (shoulder and pelvic)
52
Cranium
8 bones
53
Facial
14 bones
54
Vomer
Part of nasal septum (ethnoid, vomer, and cartilage (hyaline))
55
Cheek bone
Temporal and zygomatic
56
Ethmoid
Crystal gali- sharks fin Cribiform plate- holes *anchors meninges
57
Superior and middle nasal concha location and function
Ethmoid | Bumps that swirl air as we inhale
58
Sella turcica location and function
Sphenoid | Houses pituitary gland
59
Hyoid bone
Vampire teeth, held in by muscles, high in throat, rigging to control neck and throat *if damaged, sign of significant trauma
60
Cervical
Neck to shoulders, 7, C1- Atlas, C2- Axis
61
Thoracic
12
62
Lumbar
5 Sacrum- anchors vertebral column (spinal cord) Coccyx
63
C shaped spine
Baby
64
Curves
Lordosis(cervical) , kyphosis (thoracic) , lordosis (lumbar)
65
Sternum (3 parts)
Manubrium, body, xyphoid
66
Ribs (12)
1-7: true ribs, has own cartilage 8-12: False ribs, merges cartilage with above ribs 11, 12: Floating ribs, don’t attach anteriorly

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