Basics Of Neuoanatomy And Neurophysiology

Question 1

T/f: nervous and muscular tissue membranes are excitable

Answer 1

True

Question 2

T/f: membranes are irritable and sensitive to electrochemical change

Answer 2

True

Question 3

T/f: excitability can be communicated bw the tissues of the body

Answer 3

True

Question 4

How are nerve and muscle cells able to produce movt?

Answer 4

By transmitting electrochemical info

Question 5

What are excitatory action potentials?

Answer 5

Input that depolarizes a neuron, making it more likely to reach an action potential

Question 6

What are inhibitory action potentials?

Answer 6

Input that increases negative resting potential, hyperpolarization, making it less likely to reach an action potential

Question 7

What is the threshold for action potentials?

Answer 7

The voltage level that must be reached before rapid depolarization relate to axon size

Question 8

Do larger or smaller axons have a lower threshold for action potentials?

Answer 8

Larger axons have the lowest threshold that are more easily stimulated

Question 9

Some TM can stimulate _____ production for effecting the cellular process of muscle contraction

Answer 9

ATP

Question 10

Order these muscle fibers from largest to smallest: Beta, alpha, C, delta, gamma

Answer 10

Alpha, beta, gamma, delta, C

Question 11

What nerve fibers carry sensory info?

Answer 11

A beta 1a and 1b

Question 12

What nerve fibers carry motor info?

Answer 12

A alpha and A gamma

Question 13

What nerve fibers carry pain and temp?

Answer 13

A delta and C fibers

Question 14

What NT is stored at the presynaptic ending of the myoneural junction?

Answer 14

Ach

Question 15

What does Ach do in the muscle fibers?

Answer 15

Its release is stimulated by the arrival of a nerve impulse and interacts with receptors in the muscle fiber membrane, increases its permeability of the membrane to ions and the cell depolarizes

Question 16

What are somatic receptors?

Answer 16

Body receptors that give the NS info about temp, touch, pain, tension, and position

Question 17

What causes a muscle contraction?

Answer 17

Change in electrical potential in the immediate vicinity of actin and myosin filaments that triggers the process of sarcomere shortening

Question 18

What are energy transducers on somatic receptors?

Answer 18

End organs of receptors that convert mechanical or thermal energy into electrical energy

Question 19

What is a generator potential?

Answer 19

The conversion of mechanical or thermal energy into electrical energy

Question 20

A stimulus sufficient in ____, _____, or _____ will cause an action potential to be generated and transmitted by afferent nerve to the CNS

Answer 20

number, timing, intensity

Question 21

What are cutaneous (skin) receptors?

Answer 21

Receptors on the skin that responds to touch, pressure, or stretch of the skin

Question 22

What are free nerve endings?

Answer 22

Receptors that are innervated by A delta and c fibers that respond to noxious stim and temp changes (pain receptors)

Question 23

What is the receptor field?

Answer 23

The area of skin in which it is possible to activate a sensory nerve fiber

Question 24

What are proprioceptors?

Answer 24

Joint, tendon, and muscle receptors that detect changes in tension and position of structures, muscle length, and rate of change of muscle length

Question 25

What are the two types of proprioceptors?

Answer 25

GTOs and muscle spindles

Question 26

What are joint receptors?

Answer 26

Receptors found in the joint capsules and ligaments that emit several action potentials per second at rest and provides position sense

Question 27

How are joint receptors stimulated?

Answer 27

By deforming forces during movt providing the CNS with info on the joint position and rate of joint movement

Question 28

Where does the SC run through?

Answer 28

From the BS to L2

Question 29

What does the SC do?

Answer 29

Communication and coordination of motor info and movt patterns

Question 30

Where is gray matter located?

Answer 30

In the central area, motor neuron cell bodies, and synapses in a butterfly shape The unmyelinated portion

Question 31

What is white matter?

Answer 31

Axons to and from the CNS Cell bodies of sensory neurons that lie in the DRG outside the SC

Question 32

What does the post/dorsal horn contain?

Answer 32

Synapses of sensory afferents

Question 33

What does the ant/ventral horn contain?

Answer 33

Cell bodies of LMNs Efferents to the muscle

Question 34

What are the two main sensory ascending tracts (afferent tracts)?

Answer 34

Posterior/dorsal white column Anterior spinothalamic tract

Question 35

Where do the posterior/dorsal white column fibers run?

Answer 35

They enter the SC in the dorsal horn, ascend the SC and cross to the other side of the brain in the medulla to carry sensation from one side of the body to the other side of the brain to get processed

Question 36

What info does the posterior/dorsal white column carry?

Answer 36

Proprioception Vibration 2 point discrimination Deep touch

Question 37

Where does the anterior spinothalamic tract run?

Answer 37

Enters the dorsal horn, synapses and crosses to the other side of the SC within 3 segments and the info is first relayed to the thalamus

Question 38

What info does the anterior spinothalamic tract carry?

Answer 38

Pain and temp

Question 39

What are the descending motor tracts (efferent tracts)?

Answer 39

Corticospinal (paramidal) tract Rubrospinal tract Reticulospinal tract Tectospinal tract Vestibulospinal tract

Question 40

What is the main motor descending tract?

Answer 40

Corticospinal (paramidal) tract

Question 41

Where does the Corticospinal tract run?

Answer 41

Originates in the frontal lobe, crosses to the opposite side in the BS, continues through the interconnections and synapses onto an anterior horn cell in the SC

Question 42

What is the anterior horn cell?

Answer 42

Alpha motor neuron A large neuron located in gray matter of the SC that sends axons out of the ventral root and gives rise to peripheral nerves

Question 43

What is a motor unit?

Answer 43

An alpha motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it innervates

Question 44

What info does the Corticospinal (paramidal) tract carry?

Answer 44

Motor info

Question 45

Where does the rubrospinal tract run?

Answer 45

The red nucleus of the midbrain to LMNs going to the UEs

Question 46

What does the rubrospinal tract do?

Answer 46

Facilitates flexors, inhibits extensors

Question 47

Where does the reticulospinal tract run?

Answer 47

Reticular formation throughout the BS

Question 48

What does the reticulospinal tract do?

Answer 48

Facilitates limb extensors, another part facilitates flexors and inhibits extensors

Question 49

What does the tectospinal tract do?

Answer 49

Provides orientation of the head toward sound or moving object

Question 50

What does the vestibulospinal tract do?

Answer 50

Assists in postural adjustments to keep the head balanced on the trunk

Question 51

What efferent tract has a close anatomical relationship to the mechanisms of the inner ear?

Answer 51

The vestibulospinal tract

Question 52

What are the structures of the BS?

Answer 52

Midbrain Pons Medulla

Question 53

What is the midbrain?

Answer 53

The relay area for tracts passing through the cerebrum, cerebellum, and SC Reflex center for visual, auditory, and tactile responses

Question 54

What structure of the BS contains axons that travel bw the cerebellum and the rest of the CNS?

Answer 54

The pons

Question 55

What is the medulla?

Answer 55

An extension of the SC that contains sensory and motor nuclei for the neck, mouth, and control centers for respiration and HR Reflex centers for vomiting, sneezing, and swallowing

Question 56

What are the structures of the diencephalon?

Answer 56

Thalamus and hypothalamus

Question 57

What structure of the diencephalon is the central relay station for all sensory information coming from the body to the cerebrum?

Answer 57

The thalamus

Question 58

What is the thalamus?

Answer 58

The relay area for motor info from the cerebellum and basal ganglia

Question 59

Projections from the thalamus and sensory cortical areas to the temporal lobes are responsible for what?

Answer 59

Pain memory

Question 60

T/f: the projections of the hypothalamus trigger an autonomic response to pain

Answer 60

True

Question 61

What structure of the diencephalon regulates homeostasis?

Answer 61

The hypothalamus

Question 62

What functions of homeostasis does the hypothalamus regulate?

Answer 62

Body temp, BP, hunger, sleep-awake cycles

Question 63

What are the nuclei of the BG?

Answer 63

Caudate, putamen, globus pallidus, substantia nigra, and sub thalamus nuclei

Question 64

The BG plays a vital role in what functions?

Answer 64

Regulation of posture and muscle tone

Question 65

Does the BG have direct input from the SC?

Answer 65

Nope, but it does have direct input from the cortex

Question 66

T/f: the BG plays an important role in control of autonomic and voluntary movt, exerting effects in motor planning areas of the motor cortex

Answer 66

True

Question 67

What structure of the brain is the coordinator of motor activities?

Answer 67

The cerebellum

Question 68

What is the cerebellum responsible for?

Answer 68

Programming rapid movt, correcting the course of rapid movt, and correlating posture and movement

Question 69

What brain structure regulates balance and coordination?

Answer 69

The cerebellum

Question 70

T/f: the cerebellum regulates and adjusts the accuracy, intensity, and timing required by specific movt tasks

Answer 70

True

Question 71

What brain structure constantly monitor and compares movt requested to the actual movt?

Answer 71

The cerebellum

Question 72

Where is the motor cortex located?

Answer 72

In the frontal lobe

Question 73

What is the frontal lobe responsible for?

Answer 73

Voluntary control of complex motor activities, cognitive fxn, judgement, attention, mood, abstract thinking, aggressions

Question 74

What is the primary motor cortex responsible for?

Answer 74

Contralateral voluntary control of the UE and facial movts

Question 75

What is the premotor cortex responsible for?

Answer 75

Controlling muscles of the trunk and muscles used in anticipatory postural adjustments

Question 76

What is the supplementary motor cortex responsible for?

Answer 76

Controlling the initiation of movt, orientation of head and eyes, and bilateral movt

Question 77

Where is the primary sensory cortex?

Answer 77

In the parietal lobe

Question 78

Where is the primary sensory cortex?

Answer 78

In the parietal lobe

Question 79

Where is incoming sensory info processed and given meaning?

Answer 79

In the primary sensory cortex of the parietal lobe

Question 80

Where is the somatosensory cortex located?

Answer 80

In the parietal lobe

Question 81

What is the somatosensory cortex?

Answer 81

The major processing center for all somatosensory modalities

Question 82

Where is the primary auditory cortex located?

Answer 82

In the temporal lobe

Question 83

What does the primary auditory cortex in the temporal lobe do?

Answer 83

Auditory discrimination for speech comprehension

Question 84

Where is the primary visual cortex located?

Answer 84

In the occipital lobe

Question 85

What is the primary visual cortex in the occipital lobe responsible for?

Answer 85

Processing and interpretation of visual info, judging distances, and seeing in 3D

Question 86

Visual info from the R half of the visual world is received by what hemisphere?

Answer 86

The L hemisphere

Question 87

Visual info from the L half of the visual world is received by what hemisphere?

Answer 87

The R hemisphere