BASICS OF RADIO HIGH YIELD

Question 1

how do x-rays enter the body?

Answer 1

penetrate
absorb
scatter

Question 2

what are the types of differential attenuation?

Answer 2

areas receiving lots of radiations appear dark

areas receiving moderate amounts of radiation appear gray

areas receiving little or no radiation appear clear

Question 3

what are the 5 radiographic densities?

Answer 3

air
fat
water
bone
metal

Question 4

for the locations of boney pathology, lesions are located where?

Answer 4

central or eccentric with respect to the longitudinal axis

Question 5

locations of boney pathology?

Answer 5

epiphysis
physics
metaphysis
diametaphysis
diaphysis
joints

Question 6

this defines the degree of darkening of film?

changes with respect too?

Answer 6

optical film density

density
texture
destruction
size/shape
number
cortex
time
position
joints
soft tissues

Question 7

this is condition that revolves around density:

changes in osseous density refer to brightening or darkening of bone (usually these changes occur together)

Answer 7

osteopenia
osteosclerosis
hyperostosis

Question 8

what are the subclasses of osteopenia?

Answer 8

generalized
regional
focal
band like

Question 9

what are the examples of generalized osteopenia?

Answer 9

osteoporosis
osteomalacia
hyperparathyroidism
neoplastic disease

Question 10

what are the examples of regional osteopenia?

Answer 10

reflex sympathetic dystrophy

disuse osteoporosis

Question 11

what are the examples of focal osteopenia?

Answer 11

osteomyelitis

Question 12

what are the examples of bandlike osteopenia?

Answer 12

acute lymphoblastic leukemia

Question 13

what is the example of osteosclerosis?

Answer 13

patient presenting with pain, X-ray shows dense bone but no change in boney structure

Question 14

what are the types of hyperostosis?

what are the general causes of sclerosis and or hyperostosis? *also pseudo sclerosis?

Answer 14

general
pseudosclerosis

cortical thickening
medullary osteogenic
lack of osteoclastic resorption
relative sclerosis

*osseous overalp
overlying of soft tissue
high contrast tech
anode heel effect
processing errors

Question 15

what are the osteosclerotic patterns?

Answer 15

focal
regional
generalized
linear bands

Question 16

what is the specific examples of the linear bands? due to?

Answer 16

transverse metaphysela sclerotic bands

lead poisoning

Question 17

what are the two types of sclerosis? examples of each?

Answer 17

general

• endocrine
• neoplastic
• drugs

calcaneal

• normal apophyseal variant
• seronegative arthritis
• pagets disease
• post traumatic fracture

Question 18

what is the specific type of texture that is associated with many diseases like anemias?

Answer 18

coarsened texture

Question 19

what are the examples of coarsened texture?

Answer 19

anemias
storage disease
neoplastic (leukemia, multiple myeloma)
severe osteoporosis
Paget's disease

Question 20

what is the example of destruction? and examples of this and sizes?

Answer 20

internal lysis

geographic > 1cm
motheaten 2-5 mm
permeative <1mm

Question 21

what terms do we use to describe changes in size and shape?

Answer 21

*undertubulation
*overtubulation
hypertrophy
splaying
macro/microdactyly
acropachy
abnormal bone size
short metatarsals

Question 22

achondrogenesis
craniodiaphyseal dysplasia
craniometaphyseal dysplasia
enchondromatosis
engelman's disease
fibrous dysplasia
hyperphosphastasia

these are examples of _____?

Answer 22

congenital undertubulation

Question 23

marfans syndrome is a bone condition that is an example of?

Answer 23

congenital overtubulation

Question 24

examples of splaying?

Answer 24

thalassemia, sickle cell disease, gaucher’s, neimann-pick disease

Question 25

erlenmeyer flask is an example of what type of bone condition? what are some examples?

Answer 25

splaying Gaucher's disease Neimann-pick disease sickle-cell anemia

Question 26

clubbing of distal phalanges, acromegaly are examples of what change in bone size and shape?

Answer 26

acropachy

Question 27

tissue thickening seen in acropachy is called?

Answer 27

pesudoforaminae

Question 28

what are the basic differentials of acropachy?

Answer 28

thyroid acropachy (hyperthyroidism) hypertrophic pulmonary osteoarthropathy

Question 29

what are the examples of abnormal size of bone?

Answer 29

``` brachydactyly brachymetarsia macrodactyly microdactyly macrodystrophia ```

Question 30

brachyphalangia is an example of?

Answer 30

brachydactyly

Question 31

short metatarsals/metacarpals examples?

Answer 31

``` idiopathic arthritis infarction trauma turners syndrome pseudo hyperthyroidism osteomyelitis ```

Question 32

cortex/periosteum changes are a result of?

Answer 32

periosteal reactions

Question 33

what are the three types of periosteal reactions?

Answer 33

continuous interrupted complex

Question 34

what are complex periosteal reactions?

Answer 34

``` single layer and solid sunburst lamellate multi layered, onion skin spiculated, hair on end codman angle/triangle combined and complex ballooned lesions ```

Question 35

what are the 3 basic types of periosteal reactions?

Answer 35

continuous interrupted complex

Question 36

what are the examples of juxta cortical processes?

Answer 36

``` parosteal periosteal cortical endosteal exostotic ```

Question 37

what are the examples exostotic juxta-cortical processes?

Answer 37

``` osteophyte enthesophyte osteochondroma parosteal myositis ossificans ossified subperiosteal hematoma trauma heel spur and saddle bone ```

Question 38

what are examples of diseases based on bone position?

Answer 38

interosseous Mal-alignment | interosseous deformity along choparts joint

Question 39

examples of soft tissue diseases? examples of this?

Answer 39

calcinosis - metastatic - dystrophic - idiopathic - vascular

Question 40

soft tissue ossifications are homengenous than calcifications like ossified hematoma, T/F?

Answer 40

T