Basics Quiz 1 Flashcards

Question

ependymal cells

Answer 1

line the brain’s ventricles and make CSF

Answer 2

re-absorbs CSF into the blood stream

Answer 3

Cavity of the brain that contains cerebrospinal fluid.

Answer 4

Large collection of axons coursing together within the **central nervous system**; also fiber pathway

Answer 5

collection of nerve fibers (axons) in the **peripheral nervous system**

Answer 6

mediates regulatory functions such as eating, drinking, and moving Parts: * hindbrain * midbrain * diencephalon

Answer 7

* basal ganglia (motor coordination) * limbic system (emotion, motivation, & memory) * neocortex (sensory, motor, & cognitive functions)

Answer 8

Hindbrain: controls movement and balance Contains: * Pons * Retricular formation * Medulla

Answer 9

pons: means bridge in latin "bridge" * connect the cerebrum and the cerebellum * bridges sensory information between the left and right hemispheres of the brain.

Answer 10

part of the hindbrain plays a role in states of consciousness (e.g., alertness, arousal, sleep)

Answer 11

medulla: regulate breathing and the functioning of the cardiovascular system

Answer 12

midbrain: Parts: 1. tectum 2. tegmentum Function: * Vision & hearing (particularly movements of the eye) * motor functions

Answer 13

relays sensory information between brain regions and controls many autonomic functions of the peripheral nervous system * part of the brainstem * the caudal (posterior) part of the forebrain, contains: * epithalamus, * thalamus * hypothalamus * and ventral thalamus * and the third ventricle

Answer 14

Limbic system ## Footnote **plays a role in self-regulatory behaviors** including emotion, personal memories, spatial behavior, and social behavior

Answer 15

* Hippocampus means mythical sea monster that resembles a sea horse. * Imagine **2 Sea horses** sleeping under the **light bulb** under the **sea (“C”).** * The sea “C” is flipped horizontally and there are 2 big “C”s surrounding 2 seahorses: * Inner smaller **“C”** representing **C**orpus **c**allosum. * Outer larger “**C”** representing **C**ingulate gyrus and it’s Continuations. * The sea horses are sleeping under the the light bulb: * The light bulb is the **olfactory** bulb. * The illumination of light bulb around the head of the seahorses form several structures: * Illumination field: **Anterior perforated substance** * Superior lateral border: **Lateral olfactory tract** * Superior medial border: **Medial olfactory tract** * Inferior medial border: **Diagonal band of Broca** * Medial to the Medial olfactory tract and just below the limbic gyrus lies **Septal nucleus.** * Now the 2 sleeping sea horses: * Outer sea horse: * Body = **Hippocampus** * Tail = **Fornix** * Tail fin = **Mammillary body** * Inner sea horse: * Body and tail = **Stria** **terminalis** * Tail fin = **Hypothalamus** * Head of both sea horses = **Amygdala** * **Thalamus** lies above hypothalamus. * Dorsomedial nucleus: Connected to amygdala * Anterior nucleus: Connected to mammillary bodies

Answer 16

* **amygdala** ("almond") - emotion * **hippocampus**"seahorse": personal memory, spatial navigation * **cingulate "girdle" cortex**: sexual behavior, among other social interactions

Answer 17

regional density of cells parcels cortex into many subregions

Answer 18

Associated w/ *movement* and *learning* Parts: * Caudate nucleus * Putamen * Globus pallidus

Answer 19

dorsal / posterior spinal cord roots = sensory ventral / anterior spinal cord roots = motor

Answer 20

* Dendrites (information flows through to terminal button) * Dendritic spines * Cell body (soma); fuels cell, houses nucleus * Axon * Axon hillock: may branch into axon collaterals (usually emerge at it from right angles) * Axon collateral: may divide into a number of smaller branches called **teleodendria** (“end branches”) before contacting the dendrites of another neuron. * Terminal button (end foot); releases chemical message

Answer 21

the “almost connection” between surface of the axon’s end foot & corresponding surface of the neighboring dendritic spine (plus the space between the two) * Some synapses are * **inhibitory** (decrease neuron’s ability to pass info along to other neurons) * **excitatory** (increase neuron’s ability to pass info along to other neurons)

Answer 22

* Stimulated the somatosensory cortex in epileptic patients and topographically mapped S1

Answer 23

* **Diffusion**: diffuses away from synaptic cleft; molecules spontaneously *spread out from where they are more concentrated to where they are less concentrated* * **Concentration Gradients:** describes relative differences in amounts at different locations in a container (when a substance is not evenly dispersed). * **Voltage Gradients**: difference in charge between two regions that allows a flow of current if the two regions are connected

Answer 24

Slight decreases or increases in an axon’s membrane voltage (highly localized and restricted to the vicinity on the axon where they are produced) decrease: **depolarization** increase: **hyperpolarization**

Answer 25

Voltage level of a neural membrane at which an action potential is triggered by the opening of sodium and potassium voltage-sensitive channels; about –50 mV

Answer 26

brief, but extremely large reversal in the polarity of axon’s membrane (lasting about 1 ms)

Answer 27

Myelinated stretches of axon are interrupted by **nodes of Ranvier**, rich in voltage-sensitive channels. In saltatory conduction, the **action potential** jumps from node to node, carrying the action potential rapidly along.

Answer 28

EPSPs increase the probability that an action potential will result

Answer 29

decrease the probability that an action potential will result

Answer 30

**Spatial:** two EPSPs occurring close together in time and also located close together, form a larger EPSP

Answer 31

**Temporal**: two excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) occurring close together or even at the same time

Answer 32

1. synthesis and storage 2. release 3. activation of receptors 4. deactivation

Answer 33

Although neurons transmit information via electrical signals, synapses transmit information rapidly via chemicals - these are called **neurotransmitters**. When an action potential reaches the end of a neuron (called the **pre-synaptic** neuron) - called the **axon terminus** - the change in potential across the cell's plasma membrane stimulates the opening of voltage-gated calcium (Ca2+) channels - causing calcium to rush into the axon terminus. This in turn triggers the fusion of **synaptic vesicles**, which carry the molecules of neurotransmitter, with the plasma cell membrane - this releases the neurotransmitter into the gap (called the **synaptic cleft**) via **exocytosis** (the fancy word for transporting 'stuff' such as proteins out of a cell). The neurotransmitter molecules with then travel across the gap and bind to **receptors** on the plasma membrane of the **post-synaptic** **cell**. This binding then triggers the influx of ions - normally sodium (Na+) into the post-synaptic cell. If this amount of sodium reaches the threshold potential of the neuron, an action potential will be set up in this cell.

Answer 34

1. Chemical must be ***synthesized*** or present in neuron 2. When ***released*** chemical must produce ***response*** in target cell 3. Same ***receptor action*** must be obtained when chemical is experimentally placed on target 4. There must be a mechanism for ***removal*** after chemical's work is done.

Answer 35

* **dopamine** (DA): coordinating movement, in attention and learning, and in behaviors that are reinforcing * **glutamate** (Glu): Excitatory * **GABA**: Inhibitory * **Acetylcholine** (ACh): Inhibitory * **norepinephrine** (NE): Excitatory * **Glycine**: Inhibitory * **Epinephrine** (EP): Excitatory * **Serotonin** (5-HT): Regulates mood, aggression, appetite, arousal, pain, and respiration * **Histamine** (H): Causes constriction of smooth muscles

Answer 36

* Have direct effects * Binding sites for neurotransmitter * Allow the movement of ions across the membrane * Rapid changes in voltage * Do not last long * Mostly excitatory

Answer 37

* Indirect effects * Usually inhibitory * Slower * Last longer * G-Protein has 3 subunits * Alpha, Beta, Gamma * Second messenger chemical * Carries message to other structures in the cell

Answer 38

a response to a stimulus weakens with repeated presentations

Answer 39

potential for physical or chemical change that enhances its adaptability to environmental change and its ability to compensate for injury

Answer 40

sensitization, increased responsiveness to equal doses of a drug, is much more likely to develop with occasional use

Answer 41

High-frequency electrical stimulation applied briefly to the hippocampus resulted in a long-term change in the efficiency of synapses activated by the stimulation, a phenomenon called long-term potentiation

Answer 42

* Tolerance * Metabolic * Cellular * Learned * Sensitization * Disinhibitory theory (alcohol, selective depressant effect on the cortex, the brain region that controls judgment). * Alcohol myopia

Answer 43

Several areas of the brain lack the tight junctions * Pituitary Gland * Allows exchange of hypothalamic chemicals, which influences hormone secretion * Area Postrema * Allows entry of toxic substances to trigger vomiting * Pineal Gland * Allows entry of hormones that regulate day–night cycles

Answer 44

results when the tolerance developed for one drug is carried over to a different member of the drug group

Answer 45

* **Agonists**: Drugs that *increase* the effectiveness of neurotransmission * **Antagonists**: Drugs that *decrease* the effectiveness of neurotransmission

Answer 46

* antianxiety agents: aka minor tranquilizers, are the benzodiazepines such as diazepam; marketed in the widely prescribed drugs Valium, Xanax, and Klonopin. * Used by people having trouble coping with a major life stress as an aid to sleep, and as pre-surgical relaxation agents * inhibitory effect of GABA is to decrease a neuron’s firing rate.

Answer 47

* **positive** (i.e. hallucinations, delusions, racing thoughts) * **negative** (i.e. apathy, lack of emotion, poor or nonexistant social functioning), * and *cognitive* (disorganized thoughts, difficulty concentrating and/or following instructions, difficulty completing tasks, memory problems).

Answer 48

* Some of the main schizophrenic symptoms are related to dopamine excess * Chronic users of amphetamines—a dopamine agonist—show schizophrenia-like symptoms

Answer 49

* prolonged feelings of worthlessness and guilt * disruption of normal eating habits * sleep disturbances * a general slowing of behavior * frequent thoughts of suicide.

Answer 50

* begin their effects very quickly, but their antidepressant actions take weeks to develop. * **SSRI fluoxetine (Prozac)** increases the production of new neurons in hippocampus. * Hippocampus is vulnerable to stress-induced damage * Significant portion of patients do not respond to antidepressant drugs. * Ketamine very rapidly alleviates depressive symptoms * Researchers trying to find ketamine-like drugs without the hallucinogenic effects * Cognitive & intrapersonal therapies as effective as drug therapies

Answer 51

Increase motor behavior and elevate mood and alertness * Cocaine * Blocks dopamine reuptake * Is a refined powder that is snorted or injected * Crack: potent and highly concentrated cocaine * Amphetamine * Stimulates the release of dopamine and blocks dopamine reuptake * Still used today to help troops and pilots stay alert, increase confidence and aggression, and boost morale and productivity * Amphetamine-based drugs are prescribed for ADD, ADHD * Methamphetamine: a derivative of amphetamine * Street names: ice, crystal, glass, crystal meth. * Can be inhaled or smoked. * Easy to manufacture but potent

Answer 52

* Incentive-sensitization theory also called wanting and liking theory * Wanting = craving for drug * Neural basis: mesolimbic dopamine pathway * dopamine neurons in midbrain the frontal cortex and limbic system * Liking = pleasure produced by taking the drug * Neural basis: activity of opioid neurons * Decreases in addiction * Endorphins: associated with pleasure in early use

Answer 53

meninges Triple-layered set of membranes: * **Dura mater**: tough double layer of tissue enclosing the brain in a kind of loose sack * **arachnoid membrane**: very thin sheet of delicate tissue that follows the brain’s contours * **pia mater**: moderately tough tissue that clings to the brain’s surface