Basidiomycetes

Question 1

What is the group that contains all the mushrooms?

Answer 1

Agaricomycetes

Question 2

What types of fruiting bodies may be found in agaricomycetes?

Answer 2

Mushrooms, puffballs, brackets/conks/shelf, earth stars

Question 3

What is a basidiocarp?

Answer 3

An umbrella term referring to the macroscopic fruiting structure (sporocarp), somewhere deep within, the basidia

Question 4

Which orders mostly have gills?

Answer 4

Order agaricales/euagarics

Question 5

Which order mostly has pores?

Answer 5

Order Boletales

Question 6

What is the identification of mushrooms based on?

Answer 6

Basidiocarp characteristics

Question 7

Where is most of the biomass of the mycelium?

Answer 7

Most of the biomass is in a subterranean mycelium

Question 8

What is plasmogamy?

Answer 8

When the cytoplasms of two cells unite, but the nuclei have not yet fused

Question 9

What is karyogamy?

Answer 9

When the nuclei of two cells unite

Question 10

What is meiosis?

Answer 10

Chromosomal crossover, produces haploid nuclei

Question 11

What does monokaryon refer to?

Answer 11

A single nucleus in the cell

Question 12

What does dikaryon refer to?

Answer 12

Two nuclei in the cell

Question 13

What do hyphae contain at some point in their life cycle?

Answer 13

To genotypically distinct nuclei

Question 14

Where do dikaryotic cells occur?

Answer 14

In both Basidiomycota and Ascomycota

Question 15

Where are dikaryotic cells dominant or have a very short life stage?

Answer 15

Dominant = Basidiomycota
Short life stage = Ascomycota

Question 16

What does Basidiomycota form that is unique?

Answer 16

Clamp connections

Question 17

What are basidiospores discharged as?

Answer 17

Ballistospores

Question 18

How do ballistospores work?

Answer 18

1. Basidiospore attached to its sterigma before drop formation
2. Buller’s drop appears at the hilar appendix, the adaxial drop emerges on the spore wall above it and extends downwards as it increases in size. The center of the mass of spore plus drop moves to a position closer to the hilar appendix
3. Contact between the two drops is followed by immediate coalescence and the combined mass of liquid moves rapidly up the adaxial face of the spore away from the hilar appendix. There is an increase in kinetic energy.

Question 19

What determines how far a ballistospore will fly?

Answer 19

The aerodynamic radius of the particle
The shape of the particle
The amount of adhering liquid
The particle velocity

Question 20

Where are basidia positioned on mushrooms?

Answer 20

Gills

Question 21

What are the cystidia types?

Answer 21

Cheilocystidia = gill edge
Pleurocystidia = gill sides
Pileocystidia = cap surface
Caulocystidia = stem surface

Question 22

What do autotrophs do?

Answer 22

Fix carbon using sunlight

Question 23

What are the types of heterotrophy?

Answer 23

Ingestive/phagotropic
Assimilative/osmotroph

Question 24

How do fungi obtain nutrients?

Answer 24

Through assimilative heterotrophy
They secrete enzymes then suck up the digestive products

Question 25

Many Agaricomycotina are ___?

Answer 25

Mycorrhizal and obtain carbon through plant interactions

Question 26

How do wood rot fungi obtain nutrients?

Answer 26

They possess enzymes for breaking down cellulose and lignin and obtain carbon from decomposition processes

Question 27

What is ectomycorrhizae?

Answer 27

mycorrhiza formed by Basidiomycetes and the hyphae do not penetrate root cells

Question 28

What is a monophyletic group?

Answer 28

A group that contains the most recent common ancestor and all of its descendants

Question 29

What is a polyphyletic group?

Answer 29

A group of organisms with more than one common ancestor, the most recent common ancestor is not included

Question 30

What is a paraphyletic group?

Answer 30

A group of organisms that contains the most recent common ancestor but not all of its descendants

Question 31

What are Gasteroid fungi?

Answer 31

Stomach-like fungi which include puffballs, earth stars, stinkhorns, and false truffles They are polyphyletic

Question 32

Which Gasteroid fungi belong to Agaricales?

Answer 32

Puffballs

Question 33

Where do puffballs produce basidiospores?

Answer 33

Toward the inside

Question 34

What does the Thelephorales include?

Answer 34

Hedgehogs, also known as hydnoid fungi

Question 35

What is unique about hedgehogs?

Answer 35

They have teeth instead of gills

Question 36

What is guttation?

Answer 36

The exudation of drops of liquid May be used as a defense/offense strategy

Question 37

What are some polypore-specific terminology?

Answer 37

Basidioma = same as basidiocarp Stipe = same as stalk/stem Context = the tissue between the upper surface and the pore layer Pileus = the upper surface

Question 38

What are polypores that lack a pileus called?

Answer 38

Effuse or resupinate = upside down

Question 39

What do polypores do?

Answer 39

They act as forest pathogens and decomposers

Question 40

What is white rot fungi?

Answer 40

Fungi that first remove the lignin layer and leave the cellulose exposed, also for use by other organisms

Question 41

What is brown rot fungi?

Answer 41

Fungi that break down the cellulose of wood and leave behind cubical shapes

Question 42

What is sap rot?

Answer 42

Attacks on the living tissue of the tree = pathogenic Kills the tree

Question 43

What is heart rot?

Answer 43

Attacks dead tissue of the tree Doesn't necessarily kill the tree

Question 44

What are rhizomorphs?

Answer 44

Compound, root-like mycelial structures Can be many meters long Used for exploration and resource translocation

Question 45

Where are rhizomorphs best studied?

Answer 45

In rot fungi

Question 46

What do rhizomorphs exhibit?

Answer 46

What looks like tissue differentiation

Question 47

What are homobasidiomycetes?

Answer 47

The basidium is a single-cell

Question 48

What are heterobasidiomycetes?

Answer 48

The basidium has cell divisions called septa

Question 49

What are some common heterobasidiomycetes?

Answer 49

Jelly fungi Cantharellus

Question 50

What are the 3 subphyla of Basidiomycetes?

Answer 50

Agaricomycotina (mushrooms, boletes, polypores, jelly fungi) Rusts and many yeasts Smuts

Question 51

What is the class for Rusts called?

Answer 51

Pucciniomycotina

Question 52

What is unique about the life cycle of rusts?

Answer 52

Includes a principal host and an alternate host Involves 5 different types of spores

Question 53

What type of spores are found in the rust life cycle?

Answer 53

Basidiospores - wind-dispersed Teliospores - sessile Urediniospores - wind-dispersed Spermatia - insect-dispersed Aecinospores - wind-dispersed

Question 54

Which spores are unable to re-infect cereals?

Answer 54

Basidiospores

Question 55

Which spores are unable to re-infect barberry?

Answer 55

Aecinospores

Question 56

What type of cells and spores are found on the principal host?

Answer 56

Dikaryotic Teliospores and urediniospores

Question 57

What types of cells and spores are found on the alternate host?

Answer 57

Both mono and dikaryotic Spermatia and urediniospores

Question 58

What is the class for Smuts called?

Answer 58

Ustilaginomycotina

Question 59

Why are smuts sometimes called Brandpilze or burn fungi?

Answer 59

They often leave plant tissues blackened

Question 60

Where are smuts common?

Answer 60

In our region in sedge inflorescences

Question 61

How do the meta-basidium in smuts reproduce?

Answer 61

They bud as yeasts

Question 62

Where does the monokaryotic stage of smuts grow?

Answer 62

On already dead matter

Question 63

What is unique about the dikaryotic stage of smuts?

Answer 63

They are pathogenic on plants

Question 64

What does the smut group include?

Answer 64

Yeast pathogens

Question 65

What are the characteristics of yeast pathogens?

Answer 65

They are all haploid without a known sexual stage They are obligately lipophilic They are present on healthy human skin and can become opportunistically infectious in hair follicles, causing dermatitis

Question 66

What are yeasts?

Answer 66

Any unicellular fungus that reproduces through budding, or fission in some cases

Question 67

The ability to form yeasts is what?

Answer 67

Polyphyletic They occur all over the tree of life, though some fungi appear unable to form them

Question 68

What are the hyphal and yeast states also referred to as?

Answer 68

Hyphal = sexual/teleomorph Yeast = asexual/anamorph

Question 69

Why is the naming system for the stages of yeast messy?

Answer 69

In some fungi, you can have both mitotic and meiotic hyphal forms and some yeasts have a sexual stage without becoming hyphal