Symbiosis, Emergent Property, and Self-Interest

Question 1

What is the antiquity of genomic traits related to mycorrhizal evolution based on?

Answer 1

Molecular clock estimates

Question 2

What happened during the middle Ordovician period?

Answer 2

Spores attributed to terrestrial plants
Spores and hyphae attributed to Glomeromycotina

Question 3

What occurred during the Sil. period?

Answer 3

Possible origin of the common symbiotic signaling pathway
Terrestrial plant remains and charophytes (multicellular algae) found
Stratified lichens found

Question 4

What occurred during the early Devonian period?

Answer 4

AM and CMm para-mycorrhizas
Occurrence of Ascomycota

Question 5

What happened during the middle Devonian period?

Answer 5

Trees and forests

Question 6

What happened during the Mississippian Carboniferous period?

Answer 6

Occurrence of Basidiomycota based on clamp connections

Question 7

What occurred during the Pennsylvanian Carboniferous period?

Answer 7

AM involving roots = true mycorrhizas

Early saprophytic or parasitic Agaricomycotina; limited ligninolytic peroxidases and CAZymes

Loss of plant cell wall-degrading enzymes in Glomeromycotina

Question 8

What happened in the Permian period?

Answer 8

Origin of white rot

Diversification of saprophytic cellulolytic apparatus: expansion of CAZymes

Question 9

What occurred during the Triassic period?

Answer 9

Podocarpaceae

Question 10

What happened between the Triassic and Jurassic periods?

Answer 10

Multiple origins of brown rots

Question 11

What appeared during the Jurrasic period?

Answer 11

Pinaceae

Question 12

What appeared in the early Cretaceous period?

Answer 12

Angiosperms

Question 13

What happened during the Jurassic period?

Answer 13

Multiple origins of ectomycorrhizas: losses of PCWDEs; diversification of MiSSPs

Question 14

What happened during the Cretaceous period?

Answer 14

Origins of soil and litter decomposers: loss of lignin oxidoreductase; CAZymes expanded

Multiple origins of ectomycorrhizas and orchid mycorrhizal: maintenance of PCWDEs

Question 15

What appeared during the late Cretaceous?

Answer 15

Ericaceae

Question 16

What appeared during the Palaeogene period?

Answer 16

Ectomycorrhizas

Question 17

What did Mereschkowski argue?

Answer 17

That evolution is only possible via symbiosis
Used lichens as an example of the evolutionary innovation arising from symbiosis

Question 18

What did Elenkin argue?

Answer 18

Insisted on describing lichen symbiosis as a tug-of-war rather than a friendly mutualism

Question 19

What is Margulis known for?

Answer 19

Recognized as the discoverer of bacterial origin of mitochondria

Question 20

How do we know which type of symbiosis is occurring>

Answer 20

Effect on host
Goods or services exchanged
Types of transmission
Interdependence
Effect on genomes

Question 21

What is a host?

Answer 21

When the partner is larger and easy to see, or when it is clearly parasitized

Question 22

What is the difference between open and closed symbiosis?

Answer 22

Open = the host can encounter other partners
Closed = the partner range is limited

Question 23

What is auxotrophy?

Answer 23

An organism that does not have the machinery to make something essential

Question 24

What are goods and services exchanged or syntrophy restricted to?

Answer 24

Open systems

Question 25

What does extracellular secretion lend itself to?

Answer 25

Symbiosis

Question 26

Biological market: AM fungi

Answer 26

Fungus receives: C for growth Partner receives: P, N Other partners? Yes, open market

Question 27

Biological market: EM fungi

Answer 27

Fungus receives: C for growth Partner receives: P, N Other partners? Yes, open market

Question 28

Biological market: Lichen fungi

Answer 28

Fungus receives: sugars for cell preservation Partner receives: Protection against herbivory, UV light Other partners? Yes, open market

Question 29

Biological market: Insect fungi

Answer 29

Fungus receives: ? Partner receives: essential amino acids Other partners: depends, some open and some closed

Question 30

Are species fixed to a lifestyle?

Answer 30

No Shift in emphasis from status to function

Question 31

What is a cooperative partner?

Answer 31

May take a fair amount of P for a given amount of C

Question 32

What is a non-cooperative partner?

Answer 32

May take more C for the same amount

Question 33

What is a cheater partner?

Answer 33

May take C and give nothing in return

Question 34

What is vertical transmission?

Answer 34

Like Soredia - co-transmission

Question 35

What is horizontal transmission?

Answer 35

Couples disassemble and regenerate every cycle

Question 36

What is leaky vertical transmission?

Answer 36

It is like vertical transmission but lots of mistakes are made Other organisms might get into the packages

Question 37

What is the effect of genomes on symbiosis?

Answer 37

Genome sizes tend to be smaller with vertical transmission than with horizontal transmission

Question 38

What is the effect of fitness on symbiosis?

Answer 38

Host fitness drop is higher with vertical transmission Host fitness drop is higher when the symbiont function is nutritional

Question 39

What do most plastids have?

Answer 39

Symbiotic origins

Question 40

What is a holobiont?

Answer 40

An assemblage of a host and many other species living in or around it, which form a discrete ecological unit through symbiosis