BB

Question 1

duodenum

Answer 1

the first part of the small intestine
the site of the majority of chemical digestion

Question 2

the main inhibitory neurotransmitter in the spinal cord is

Answer 2

glycine

Question 3

main inhibitory neurotransmitter in the CNS

Answer 3

GABA

Question 4

the main excitatory neurotransmitter in the CNS

Answer 4

glutamate

Question 5

if you block voltage gated K+ channels…

Answer 5

K+ cannot leave the cell
so the cell stays positive/can’t repolarize
this would prolong the action potential

Question 6

ATP is a ____ of PFK1 in a ____

Answer 6

an allosteric inhibitor
negative feedback loop

Question 7

purines:

Answer 7

adenine (A)
guanine (G)
Pure As Gold

bases have two rings

Question 8

pyrimidines:

Answer 8

cytosine (C)
uracil (U)
thymine (T)
CUT the Py

bases have one ring

Question 9

this cell type is highly proliferative because it is constantly needing to be replaced

Answer 9

epithelial cells
- skin
- gastrointestinal

Question 10

describe the bonds in DNA

Answer 10

H bonds between bases (across strands)
phosphodiester bonds between sugar and phosphate backbone groups (within strand)

Question 11

isoelectric point

Answer 11

the pH at which the net charge of the amino acid is neutral

Question 12

acidic amino acids have ___ isoelectric points

Answer 12

LOW
makes sense because if you have to be at a low pH (acidic) to neutralize the charge, the charge was negative

Question 13

basic amino acids have ___ isoelectric points

Answer 13

HIGH
makes sense because if you have to be at a high pH (basic) to neutralize the charge, the charge was positive

Question 14

basic amino acids have a ___ charge

Answer 14

positive
why? because they accept a proton (protonated)

Question 15

acidic amino acids have a ___ charge

Answer 15

negative
why? because they donate their proton (deprotonated)

Question 16

transcription factors act in the ___

Answer 16

nucleus
duh…that’s where transcription occurs

*that means that they have a nuclear localization sequence (tag telling them to go to the nucleus)

Question 17

ubiquitination

Answer 17

protein ubiquitin is attached to a protein
can do different things…like mark it for degradation by a proteasome

Question 18

proteasome

Answer 18

a large, barrel-shaped protein complex that breaks down unwanted proteins in a cell

Question 19

Cysteine residues contain a ___ that can form covalent bonds called ____ bonds

Answer 19

thiol group
disulfide

*tested on regarding gel electrophoresis

Question 20

how are disulfide bonds represented in gel electrophoresis?

Answer 20

so under normal conditions: one band

under reducing agent conditions: two bands because the reducing agent breaks the disulfide bonds causing the protein subunits to migrate separately

Question 20

methylation and histone acetylation are examples of ________ which are…

Answer 20

posttranslational modifications
chemical modifications done to a polypeptide to convert it into mature protein

Question 20

southern blot:
northern blot:
western blot:

Answer 20

DNA
RNA
protein

Question 21

what do antioxidants do

Answer 21

work to counteract ROS
(highly reactive oxygen molecules with unstable electrons like in the superoxide anion, hydroxide, and hydrogen peroxide)

Question 22

vasopressin increases water permeability of the ___

Answer 22

renal collecting duct

Question 23

myelin forming cells of the PNS

Answer 23

shwann cells

Question 24

myelin forming cells of the CNS

Answer 24

oligodendrocytes

Question 25

a prion is a(n)

Answer 25

infectious protein protein with defective structure that causes other proteins to misfold

Question 26

proteins are translated from the __ terminus to the __ terminus

Answer 26

N terminus --> C terminus

Question 27

for every 1 mole of glucose, there is a net production of __ moles of ATP

Answer 27

2

Question 28

lysosomes contain ___ for ________

Answer 28

digestive/degradative/hydrolytic enzymes breaking down parts of the cell

Question 29

the organelle that serves as the primary microtubule organizing center of a cell is the

Answer 29

centrosome

Question 30

__ T-cells receive antigens on MHCII on __ cells __ T-cells receive antigens on MHCI on __ cells

Answer 30

helper, antigen-presenting cells (APCs) cytotoxic, all nucleated

Question 31

where do male gametes become motile and capable of fertilization

Answer 31

epididymis

Question 32

in gel electrophoresis, reducing agents ___ proteins by breaking ____ bonds between ____ residues

Answer 32

break down disulfide cysteine