BCOR 102: Exam 2

Question 1

Age structure

Answer 1

relative number of individuals in each age class

Question 2

stable age distribution

Answer 2

when lx and bx are constants, relative numbers in each age class do not change

Question 3

stationary age distribution

Answer 3

relative + absolute numbers are constant

Question 4

Life history strategy

Answer 4

schedule of lx and bx that maximizes offspring production and survival in a particular environment

Question 5

Ways to increase r

Answer 5

1. Reduce age at first reproduction
2. Increase litter size
3. Increase number of litters
4. Increase survivorship of juvenile and reproductive ages

Question 6

Cole’s paradox

Answer 6

r(iteroparous)=r(semelparous + 1 offspring)

Question 7

Bet-hedging strategy

Answer 7

“Insurance policy” that some offspring will make it

Question 8

r-selected populations (low density)

Answer 8

Competitive ability: weak
Development: fast
Reproduction: Early, semelparous
Juveniles: Many, small
Survival: Type III
r: large

Question 9

k-selected populations (high density)

Answer 9

Competitive ability: strong
Development: slow
Reproduction: Late, iteroparous
Juveniles: few, large
Survival: Type I
r: small

Question 10

intraspecific competition

Answer 10

competition within a species

Question 11

Interspecific competition

Answer 11

competition between species

Question 12

exploitation competition

Answer 12

population growth rates indirectly reduced through use of shared resources

Question 13

interference competition

Answer 13

behavior or activity that reduces the uptake efficiency of another species

Question 14

alpha (a) (competition model

Answer 14

the effect of N2 on the population growth rate of N1 measured in units of N1

Question 15

isocline

Answer 15

combination of abundances of N1 and N2 such the dn(1)/dt = 0

Question 16

Case I Competition graph

Answer 16

species 1 wins in competition

Question 17

Case 2 Competition graph

Answer 17

Species 2 wins

Question 18

Case 3 Competition graph

Answer 18

stable, coexistence

Question 19

Case 4 Competition graph

Answer 19

unstable, species 1 or species 2 wins

Question 20

Marble U shape analogy

Answer 20

Cases 1,2,3
stable equilibrium
doesn’t depend on initial n1, n2
not depending on r1, r2

Question 21

Marble n Analogy

Answer 21

Case 4
unstable
depends on n1, n2

Question 22

Hutchinson niche

Answer 22

n-dimensional hypervolume that defines a range of conditions for which dn/dt > 0

Question 23

realized niche

Answer 23

effects of other species in the enivornment

Question 24

character displacement

Answer 24

shifts in body size or morphology of a species in the presence of a competitor

Question 25

ecological assortment

Answer 25

if species are "too close" in size or morphology on one of them to go extinct

Question 26

Allopatric

Answer 26

living apart

Question 27

sympatric

Answer 27

living together

Question 28

"1.3" rule

Answer 28

species needed to differ in body size by a ratio of 1.3 to coexist

Question 29

Mimicry (Mullerian)

Answer 29

warning colorization, unpalatable, dangerous

Question 30

alpha (predation model)

Answer 30

capture efficiency

Question 31

beta (predation model)

Answer 31

conversion efficiency (the ability of a predator to convert captured prey into new predator offspring

Question 32

Large numbers of P needed to control V when:

Answer 32

1. r is large (V has high growth rate) 2. alpha is small (low capture efficiency

Question 33

Large numbers of V needed to control P when:

Answer 33

1. q is large (P starves quickly without V) 2. beta is small ( low conversion efficiency)

Question 34

Assumptions of Loka-V predation models

Answer 34

1. no migration, age/size structure, genetic structure, time lags 2. no carrying capacity for V (rV) 3. P is a specialist on V population (-qP) 4. P&V encounter one another randomly in a homogenous environment (Walking Dead) 5. Individual predators are insatiable (no limit to a predator can eat, constant line of dV/dt = 0)

Question 35

Lynx & snowshoe hare

Answer 35

has similar oscillations in population, lynx is a little delayed scenario: if no lynx present, hare still have population cycles and cycles are synchronized across canada due to vegetation, nitrogen content, and sunspots

Question 36

Escape in size

Answer 36

chipmunks & oak trees

Question 37

escape in space

Answer 37

shelters from predation, mussels vs. seastars

Question 38

Escape in time

Answer 38

Day vs. night scuba anology

Question 39

Escape in numbers

Answer 39

periodical cicadas, every 13-17 years, out of sync with other predator cycles

Question 40

what happens with body mass and r?

Answer 40

if increase in mass --> low surface area to volume ratio (s/v) --> lower metabolism --> slow growth rate --> long generation time --> low r **constant linear line downwards (looks like isocline)

Question 41

Exploitation Competition model for N1

Answer 41

dN/(1)dt = r1N1(K(1) - N(1) - αN(2) / K(1))

Question 42

Exploitation Competition model for N2

Answer 42

dN/(2)dt = r2N2(K(2) - N(2) - βN(2) / K(2))

Question 43

N(1) (in compet. model)

Answer 43

intraspecific effect of N1 on N2

Question 44

αN(2) (in compet. model)

Answer 44

interspecific effect of N2 on N1

Question 45

N2 (in compet. model)

Answer 45

intraspecific of N2 on N2

Question 46

βN(2) (in compet. model)

Answer 46

interspecific of N1 on N2

Question 47

when does dn1/dt = 0?

Answer 47

when n1 = K(1) - αN(2)

Question 48

k1/alpha

Answer 48

number of indiv. of n2 needed to use up all the resources of n1

Question 49

when does dn2/dt = 0?

Answer 49

When n2 = K(2) - βN(2)

Question 50

Victim predation eq.

Answer 50

dV/dt= rV - αVP

Question 51

Predator predation eq.

Answer 51

dP/dt = βVP - qP

Question 52

beta (competition model)

Answer 52

the effect of n1 on the growth if n2 per capita