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BCOR 102: Ecology and Evolution > BCOR 102: Exam 4 > Flashcards

BCOR 102: Exam 4 Flashcards

(57 cards)

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1
Q

classical model

A

“mendel’s model”
genetic variation is low
alternative alleles are rare, recessive, deleterious

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2
Q

Balance model

A

low levels of genetic variation but selection favoring heterozygosity

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3
Q

Neutral model

A

homozygous or heterozygous has no benefits or harmful effect from each other
(most alleles are neutral)

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4
Q

single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)

A

Point mutation
can be beneficial or detrimental

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5
Q

silent mutation

A

does not change amino acid sequence

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6
Q

neutral mutation

A

change amino acid sequence, but not protein function

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7
Q

start/stop mutation

A

often lethal, codes a premature stop codon which ends a polypeptide early

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8
Q

Frameshift mutation

A

an inserted or deleted nucleotide, resulting in a shift in the reading frame

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9
Q

u (meuw)

A

mutation rate (mutations/gene locus/generation)

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10
Q

q(v)t : frequency of B allele after t generations

A

qt = 1 - Poe^(-ut)

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11
Q

q(v)o

A

1-Po

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12
Q

q-hat (for back mutation)

A

u/(u+v)

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13
Q

p-hat (for back mutation)

A

v/(u+v)

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14
Q

Po (migration)

A

initial allele frequency in resident population

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15
Q

Pm (migration)

A

frequency of allele in migrant population

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16
Q

m

A

migrant fraction
the proportion of population consisting of new migrants each generation

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17
Q

1-m

A

resident/fraction
proportion consisting of non-migrants

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18
Q

Pt equation

A

(1-m)^t (Po-Pm) + Pm

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19
Q

one-way migration

A

can lead to changes in local allele frequency

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20
Q

two-way migration

A

genetic homogeneous

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21
Q

random mating

A

mate choice is independent of genotype

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22
Q

positive assortative mating

A

more frequent mating between similar phenotypes

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23
Q

negative assortative mating

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A

more frequent matings between dissimilar phenotypes

24
Q

inbreeding

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A

more frequent matings between close relatives

25
inbreeding coefficient (F)
1 - (H/Ho) probability that 2 alleles in an individual are identical by descent from 1 ancestor
26
Ho
expected heterozygosity with random mating (2pq)
27
H
observed heterozygosity in the population
28
Autozygous alleles
2 alleles in an individual that are identical by descent from a single ancestor
29
allozygous alleles
2 alleles in an individual are identical by descent from 2 different ancestors
30
cost of inbreeding (short term)
increased expression of deleterious recessive alleles
31
cost of inbreeding (long term)
loss of heterozygosity
32
Benefits of inbreeding
preservation of a "coadapted" gene complex
33
Genetic drift
changes in allele frequency due to random segregation of alleles in small population (when N < 100)
34
N(v)E
effective population size vs N: total population size
35
Effective population size
= equivalent number of individuals in a truly random mating population
36
Founder effect
a population is colonized by only a few individuals --> carry a small number of alleles
37
bottleneck
a population that temporarily shrinks in size
38
Unbalanced sex ratio (N(v)E equation)
N(v)E = ((4)(Nm)(NF))/(NM + NF)
39
Limited dispersal (NE equation)
NE = 4(pi)(d)(x) d = density (# of indiv./area) x = dispersal distance from the place of birth to the place of mating
40
Four Horsemen (Mutation)
change in allelic freq. = yes (unlikely) change in genotype freq. = yes (unlikely strength of change = weak fixation = yes (unlikely; no with back mutation) new alleles = yes predictable = yes
41
Four Horsemen (Migration)
change in allelic freq. = yes change in genotype freq. = yes strength of change = strong fixation = yes new alleles = yes predictable = yes
42
Four Horsemen (Non-random mating)
change in allelic freq. = no (yes with recessive lethals) change in genotype freq. = yes strength of change = weak fixation = no (yes with recessive lethals) new alleles = no predictable = yes
43
Four Horsemen (Genetic drift)
change in allelic freq. = yes change in genotype freq. = yes strength of change = strong fixation = yes new alleles = no predictable = no (chance process)
44
tautology
self-referencing definition ex. "survival of the fittest"
45
Natural selection
differential survival (and/or reproduction) of individuals with heritable traits
46
Assumptions of Natural Selection
1. Individuals exhibit variation in their traits 2. At least some of that variation has a heritable component 3. All individuals produce more offspring than can survive 4. Particular trait variance enhance survival in particular environments
47
Model of Natural Selection and Random Mating (7 Steps)
1. Given (initial genotype counts and relative fitness values of each genotype) 2. Calculate initial genotypic and allelic frequencies in a population (Po, qo) 3. Calculate genotypic frequencies AFTER random mating 4. Calculate genotype frequencies AFTER selection 5. Normalize genotype frequencies (sum of the genotype frequencies is 1) 6. Calculate new allele frequencies (P1 and Q1) 7. Calculate new genotype frequencies after random mating
48
Mean fitness
average fitness of the individuals in the population after random mating and selection (w-bar)
49
selection coefficient
a measure of selection against a genotype
50
Fisher's Fundamental Theorem of Natural Selection
natural selection maximizes w-bar
51
Modern synthesis
1. Evolutionary phenomenon - changes in allele frequencies - evolution of adaptions - speciation - can be explained by mechanisms consistent with Mendelian inheritance 2. evolution is gradual 3. Natural selection is strongest mechanism of evolution 4. Genetic diversity in populations reflects current + past selection 5. Microevolutionary change can lead to macroevolutionary responses
52
Co-adapted gene complex
A winning combination of alleles in a particular environment
53
Selection Scenario: Against a recessive allele
w1 = 1 w2 = 1 w3 = 1-s3 result: relatively slow elimination of B allele w-bar = -->1.0 Final # of alleles: 1 allele (A)
54
Selection Scenario: Against a recessive lethal
w1 = 1 w2 = 1 w3 = 0 result: relatively slow elimination of B allele w-bar = -->1.0 Final # of alleles: 1 allele (A)
55
Selection Scenario: aganist a recessive + mutation
w1 = 1 w2 = 1 w3 = 1-s3 result: equilibrium w-bar = <1.0 Final # of alleles: 2 alleles
56
Selection Scenario: against a dominant allele
w1 = 1-s1 w2 = 1 - s2 w3 = 1 result: relatively rapid elimination of A allele w-bar = -->1.0 Final # of alleles: 1 allele (B)
57
Selection Scenario: Favoring the heterozygote
w1 = 1-s1 w2 = 1 w3 = 1-s3 result: equilibrium w-bar = <1.0 Final # of alleles: 2 alleles

BCOR 102: Ecology and Evolution (4 decks)

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