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Behavior Modifying Drugs Flashcards

1
Q

What is the biogenic amine hypothesis theory?

A

A reduction in NE and 5-HT levels might be a causative factor in depression

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2
Q

Which 2 classes of drugs are examples of Anxiolytics?

A
  1. Benzodiazepines

2. Azapirones

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3
Q

What is the “goal” of benzodiazepines?

A

Decrease anxiety, as well as fear, aggression, and noise phobia

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4
Q

Which type of receptors do Benzodiazepines stimulate?

A

GABA-A receptors

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5
Q

Benzodiazepines work by enhancing GABAergic transmission via stimulation of GABA-A receptors, hence resulting in what?

A

Membrane hyperpolarization

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6
Q

What are Benzodiazepine sites of action?

A
  1. Cerebral cortex
  2. Limbic system
  3. Thalamus
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7
Q

Are Benzodiazepines good for long term or short term use?

A

Short term

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8
Q

True or False: Benzodiazepines need to be given in combination with other psychotrpic drugs.

A

TRUE

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9
Q

With which types of psychotropic drugs might you combine Benzodiazepines?

A

TCAs or SSRIs

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10
Q

What are 2 of the adverse effects associated with Benzodiazepines? There are 4 total…

A
  1. Liver failure
  2. Ataxia
  3. Dependence
  4. Requires gradual weaning
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11
Q

In which patients would Benzodiazepine use be contraindicated?

A

Aggressive patients - as Benzodiazepines can lead to disinhibition and increase aggression

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12
Q

What is the best drug of choice for storm phobia and separation anxiety?

A

Alprazolam

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13
Q

What is the drug of choice for urine spraying behavior in cats?

A

Diazepam

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14
Q

What are the 2 adverse effects associated with Diazepam?

A
  1. Hepatic necrosis in cats

2. Can NOT be used concurrently with CYP-450 metabolizing drugs

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15
Q

Which 2 drugs should NOT be given concurrently with Alprazolam (or any Benzodiazepine)?

A
  1. Ketoconazole

2. Itraconazole

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16
Q

True or False: There is a risk of physical dependency with Alprazolam.

A

TRUE

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17
Q

What happens when there is increased Cl- conductance during GABA-A receptor activation?

A

Membrane becomes hyperpolarized and neuronal firing is greatly reduced

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18
Q

In which type of patients might you choose to use Oxazepram?

A
  1. Aged canine patients
  2. Patients with compromised liver function
  3. Cats - less likely to cause idiopathic hepatic necrosis
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19
Q

What would you use Lorazepam for?

A

To treat victims of inter-cat aggression

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20
Q

What was the first non-sedating anxiolytic drug to be developed and marketed?

A

Buspirones

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21
Q

What class of drugs are Buspirones?

A

Azapirones

22
Q

True or False: Buspirones are non-selective.

A

FALSE: Buspirones are selective anxiolytics.

23
Q

At which receptors do Buspirones act as partial agonists? Where are these receptors located?

A

5-HT 1A receptors located in the dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN) and at synaptic terminals

24
Q

In dogs, Buspirone and ___ combination therapy has been successfully used for the treatment of aggression and anxiety.

A

Fluoxetine

25
Buspirones can be therapeutically used in the management of ___ ___ ___ illness.
Chronic long term
26
What are the advantages to Buspirone? (4 total)
1. Not associated with withdrawal effects 2. Not associated with dependence problems 3. Does not produce amnestic effects 4. Low risk of side effects
27
With which drugs would Buspirones be contraindicated?
MAOIs (monoamine oxidase inhibitors)
28
Prolonged activation of ____ autoreceptors in the ____ leads to receptor desensitization results in increased ____ release in the limbic regions.
Prolonged activation of 5-HT 1A autoreceptors in the DRN leads to receptor desensitization results in increased 5-HT release in the limbic regions.
29
Name the class of drug these are each under: Amitriptyline, Selegiline, Fluoxetine, Paroxetine, Clomipramine
Amitriptyline = TCA Selegiline = MAOI Fluoxetine = SSRI Paroxetine = SSRI Clomipramine = TCA
30
Tricylic antidepressants block the reuptake of ___ and ___.
NE and 5-HT (although to a lesser extent than NE)
31
Tricylic antidepressants produce desensitization of ____ receptors and ____ autoreceptors.
Alpha-2 adrenergic receptors and 5-HT 1A autoreceptors
32
Tricyclic antidepressants block muscarinic receptors, responsible for what type of effects?
Anti-cholinergic side effects
33
What are TCAs main target?
NE (norepinephrine)
34
What are the 3 therapeutic uses of TCAs?
1. Anxiety treatment in dogs and cats 2. Pruritic conditions 3. Compulsive disorders
35
TCAs: because of their structural similarity to Phenothiazines, there is increased risk of what?
Seizures
36
What drug can be used in the treatment of severe recurring idiopathic interstitial cystitis in cats (FIC)?
Amitriptyline (TCA)
37
What are the 3 adverse effects associated with Amitriptyline?
1. Urinary retention 2. Dry eye 3. Sedation
38
What is one contraindication associated with Amitriptyline use?
Not to be used with CYP-450 inhibitors (ketoconazole, chloramphenicol, or cimetidine) which may inhibit metabolism of TCA drugs.
39
What drug is FDA approved for the treatment of separation anxiety in dogs?
Clomipramine (TCA)
40
What other disorder can Clomipramine be used to treat?
Compulsive disorders (acral lick dermatitis & tail chasing disorders)
41
SSRIs block presynaptic ____ transporters.
Serotonin
42
True or false: SSRIs block presynaptic serotonin transporters selectively.
TRUE
43
By blocking presynaptic serotonin receptors, SSRIs inhibit reuptake of what?
5-HT
44
What is the result of SSRIs blocking presynaptic serotonin receptors and inhibiting the reuptake of 5-HT?
Elevation of 5-HT in the synapse and desensitization of the 5-HT 1A autoreceptors
45
There are 4 therapeutic uses for SSRIs listed. What are 3 of those?
1. Anxiety 2. Depression 3. Compulsive disorders 4. Aggression
46
What are the adverse effects associated with SSRIs?
1. Withdrawal effects (tremors, anxiety, dizziness, nausea) 2. GI disturbance 3. Serotonin syndrome when administered concurrently with MAOIs
47
What are the characteristics of serotonin syndrome?
1. Confusion 2. Agitation 3. Hypertensino 4. Tachycardia 5. Excessive salivation 6. Hyperpyrexia (fever)
48
Monoamine oxidases catalyse the breakdown of which monoamines?
NE, DA, and 5-HT
49
Which of these drugs is the most specific: MAOIs, TCAs, or SSRIs?
SSRIs
50
What class of drug is Selegiline?
MAOI
51
What does Selegiline selectively inhibit?
MAO-B
52
What is Selegiline FDA approved for the treatment of?
Canine cognitive dysfunction

Pharmacology (21 decks)

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