BEHAVIORAL

Question 1

What study compares a group of ppl with a disease to a group of ppl without a disease? What can you calculate?

Answer 1

Case Control Study; Odds Ratio

Question 2

What study compares a group with a given exposure or risk to a group without that exposure? What can you calculate?

Answer 2

Relative risk

Question 3

What kind of study is relative risk associated with?

Answer 3

Cohort study–compares 2 groups, one with exposure to one without exposure

Question 4

What kind of study is odds ratio associated with?

Answer 4

Case Control Study; compares 2 groups one with disease and one without

Question 5

What is a case control study?

Answer 5

Compares 2 goups of ppl, one with dz and one without? Odds ratio calculated

Question 6

What is a cohort study?

Answer 6

Study of 2 groups of ppl, one with exposure and one without and sees risk of dz development, calculate relative risk

Question 7

What kind of study determines disease prevalence?

Answer 7

Cross-sectional study, it collects data from all ppl to assess frequency of dz

Question 8

What can be calculated from a cross-sectional study?

Answer 8

Disease prevalence, this study is looking at the total number of ppl with the dz

Question 9

What phase of a clinical trial involves a small number of healthy pts?

Answer 9

Phase I

Question 10

What phase of a clinical trial involves a small number of pts with the dz of interest?

Answer 10

Phase II

Question 11

What phase of a clinical trial involves a large number of pts randomly assigned to groups

Answer 11

Phase III

Question 12

What phase of a clinical trial involves post-marketing surveillance?

Answer 12

Phase IV

Question 13

What phase of a clinical trial compares the new treatment to the current standard of care?

Answer 13

Phase III

Question 14

What is TP/(TP+FN)

Answer 14

Sensitivity (the true positive rate)? This is the proportion of ppl with the disease who test positive. That is the number of ppl who tested positive with the disease divided by the number of people who tested positive with the disease plus the ppl who SHOULD HAVE tested positive!

Question 15

What is TN/ (TN + FP)?

Answer 15

Specificity, the true negative rate? Proportion of ppl who test negative that were negative divided by the people who test negative that should be negative plus those who should have been negative but were positive

Question 16

How do you calculate sensitivity? PPV?

Answer 16

Sensitivity = TP/ (TP + FN)? PPV = TP/ (TP + FP)

Question 17

How do you calculate specificity? NPV?

Answer 17

Specificity = TN/ (TN +FP) and NPV = TN/ (TN + FN)

Question 18

What is the TP/(TP+FP)?

Answer 18

PPV (increases with increased prevalence)

Question 19

What is the TN/ (TN + FN)?

Answer 19

NPV

Question 20

How do you calculate incidence rate?

Answer 20

(# of new cases)/ population at risk

Question 21

How do you calculate prevalence?

Answer 21

(# of existing cases)/ (population at risk)

Question 22

What is the incidence X average disease duration?

Answer 22

prevalence (higher prevelance for more chronic disease)

Question 23

Define an odds ratio?

Answer 23

Odds that the group with the disease was exposed divided by the odds that the group without the disease was exposed

Question 24

How do you calculate odds ratio?

Answer 24

AD/BC i.e. [(A/C)/(B/D)]

Question 25

How do you calculate relative risk?

Answer 25

[(a/(a+b))/(c/(c+d))]

Question 26

How is the attributable risk calculation similar to that of the relative risk calculation?

Answer 26

It is the difference between the numerator and the denominator

Question 27

How do you calculate attributable risk?

Answer 27

(a/(a+b))- (c/(c+d))

Question 28

Explain in words what the attributable risk means

Answer 28

It is the difference in risk between an exposed group and an unexposed group

Question 29

What is absolute risk reduction?

Answer 29

The difference in risk of ppl given a Tx vs. those with placebo? i.e. 7% occurrence in placebo but only 5% with Tx = a 2% absolute risk reduction

Question 30

What is 1/ARR (absolute risk reduction)?

Answer 30

The number needed to treat, i.e. the number of ppl to treat for one person to benefit

Question 31

How do you calculate the number needed to treat?

Answer 31

1/ARR? Where ARR is the difference between the risk of a group given a Tx vs. a group given placebo

Question 32

What is 1/attributable risk?

Answer 32

The number needed to harm

Question 33

How do you calculate the number needed to harm?

Answer 33

1/attibutable risk? Where attributable risk = a/(a+b) - c/(c+d)? That is the difference in risk between an exposed group and an unexposed group

Question 34

What reduces precision in a test?

Answer 34

Random error

Question 35

What reduces accuracy in a test?

Answer 35

systematic error

Question 36

What is Berkson's bias?

Answer 36

Loss to follow up, a form of selection bias

Question 37

Nonrandom assignment to participation in a study group

Answer 37

Selection bias

Question 38

What is recall bias

Answer 38

Knowledge of presence of disorder alters recall

Question 39

What is sampling bias

Answer 39

subjects not representative of general population

Question 40

What is the difference between sampling bias and selection bias?

Answer 40

Sampling bias is when the group tested is not representative of the population; Selection bias is when there is NONrandom assignment

Question 41

What kind of bias is when there is a survey to analyze suicide?

Answer 41

Late look bias

Question 42

What kind of bias occurs if ppl in 2 diff groups are treated differently?

Answer 42

Procedure bias

Question 43

What occurs when the group studied changes its behavior owing to the knowledge of being studied

Answer 43

Hawthorne effect

Question 44

How do you reduce confounding bias

Answer 44

matching? not sure what that means, go with it; crossover studies as well, each group acts as its own control

Question 45

Mean\>median\>mode

Answer 45

positive skew

Question 46

mean\

Answer 46

negative skew

Question 47

Asymmetry with longer tail on right

Answer 47

positive skew

Question 48

Asymmetry with longer tail on left

Answer 48

negative skew

Question 49

stating there is an effect or difference when none exists

Answer 49

Type I error (alpha error)

Question 50

Stating there is not an effect when one does exist

Answer 50

Type II error (beta error)

Question 51

Why does it make sense that Power = 1- B

Answer 51

Because power is the probability that a test will detect an error when one truly exists? Since beta is the probability of making a type 2 error and a type 2 error is the probability of stating that there is no difference when one exists this makes sense

Question 52

What is beta?

Answer 52

The probability of comitting a type II error

Question 53

What is alpha?

Answer 53

The probability of comitting a type I error

Question 54

How do you increase the likelihood of rejecting the null hypothesis when it is in fact, false?

Answer 54

increase sample size, expected effect size, or precision of test? This is how you increase POWER

Question 55

What is Z for the 95% CI? The 99% CI?

Answer 55

1.96; 2.58

Question 56

What is it called when you square pearson's correlation coefficient?

Answer 56

Coefficient of determination

Question 57

What is primary disease prevention?

Answer 57

prevent OCCURRENCE, i.e. vaccinate

Question 58

What is secondary disease prevention?

Answer 58

Early detection, i.e. Pap smear

Question 59

What is tertiary disease prevention?

Answer 59

Reduce the disability of the disease i.e. chemo and palliative care

Question 60

When and how can written consent be revoked by the pt?

Answer 60

ANY time, even orally

Question 61

5 times you don?t need parental consent for minor

Answer 61

1) STD 2) Addiction issues 3) Pregnancy related 4) Emergency 5) prescribing birth control

Question 62

What are the rules for revoking power of attorney?

Answer 62

Pt can do it ANYTIME even if not competent

Question 63

Who is the most important surrogate decision maker

Answer 63

spouse, then children, then parent, then adult sibling

Question 64

What is the main thing you should do if pt has difficulty taking meds?

Answer 64

provide written instructions

Question 65

What do you do when a child wants to know more about his or her illness?

Answer 65

Parents decide how much info to give

Question 66

What if a pt who has a mastectomy feels ugly?

Answer 66

Ask why they feel this way, don't give false hope

Question 67

An Apgar score less than 4 later in time increases risk of what?

Answer 67

neurological damage

Question 68

What defines low birth weight?

Answer 68

under 2500 g

Question 69

When should a baby develop a social smile?

Answer 69

3 months

Question 70

What should a baby develop stranger anxiety?

Answer 70

7-9 months

Question 71

When should a baby develop separation anxiety?

Answer 71

12-15 months

Question 72

At what age should the baby move away from, and then return to, the mother

Answer 72

Rapprochement occurs at age 12-24 mo

Question 73

When should a baby be able to walk?

Answer 73

12-15 months

Question 74

How do you know how many blocks a baby should be able to stack?

Answer 74

Age in years X 3 blocks (3 at 1 yr, 6 at 2, and 9 at 3

Question 75

Calculate BMI

Answer 75

Weight in Kg/ (height in m)^2

Question 76

BATS Drink Blood

Answer 76

Eyes open = Beta; Eyes closed = alpha, NREM1 = theta; NREM 2 = sleep spindle (and K complex); NREM 3 = Delta; REM = Beta

Question 77

What nucleus is key to initiating sleep?

Answer 77

Raphe nucleus (serotonergic predominance)

Question 78

What is the preferred Tx of nocturnal enuresis?

Answer 78

DDAVP \> imipramine due to tricyclic AE (convulsions, coma, and cardio)

Question 79

Where is most of the night spend in sleep?

Answer 79

N2

Question 80

Where does enuresis and night terror occur?

Answer 80

N3

Question 81

DOC for night terrors and sleepwalking?

Answer 81

Benzos

Question 82

What is the principal neurotransmitter in REM?

Answer 82

Ach

Question 83

What causes the REM of REM?

Answer 83

PPRF acitivity = Paramedian pontine reticular formation

Question 84

What's the deal with REM in depressed ppl?

Answer 84

Increased early in the night and increased in general

Question 85

Nighttime Tx of narcolepsy

Answer 85

Sodium oxybate

Question 86

Daytime Tx of narcolepsy

Answer 86

Amphetamines and modafinil