Behavioral Science

Question 1

What was the main contribution of Franz Gall?

Answer 1

Intellect, behavior, and personality are linked to brain anatomy.

Question 2

What was the main contribution of Pierre Flourens?

Answer 2

Removed pieces of the brain and studied changes in the behavior caused by them.

Question 3

What are the main contributions of William James?

Answer 3

Helped form functionalism. Believed mental processes help adapt to the environment.

Question 4

What was the main contribution of John Dewey?

Answer 4

Different view on functionalism. Believed the whole organism functioned to adapt to the environment.

Question 5

What was the main contribution of Paul Broca?

Answer 5

Studied brain deficits in people of people with brain damage. One study led to the discovery of damage in the left side of the brain now know as Broca’s area.

Question 6

What was the contribution of Hermann von Helmholtz?

Answer 6

Measured the speed of nerve impulse.

Question 7

What was the contribution of Sir Charles Sherrington?

Answer 7

Inferred existence of synapses. Believed they were electrical impulses, but are mostly chemical reactions.

Question 8

Central Nervous System

Answer 8

Involve brain and spinal cord.

Question 9

Peripheral Nervous System

Answer 9

Involve nerves and tissues outside spinal cord and brain.

Question 10

What does a Afferent neuron do?

Answer 10

Form receptors to spinal cord and brain

Question 11

What does a Efferent neuron do?

Answer 11

Form spinal cord and brain to muscle and glands

Question 12

Somatic nervous system

Answer 12

Conscious motor functions

Question 13

Autonomic nervous system

Answer 13

Heartbeat, respiration, digestion, gland responses

Question 14

Sympathetic nervous system

Answer 14

Stress effects

Question 15

Parasympathetic nervous system

Answer 15

Post-stressor effects

Question 16

What are the main functions of the Hindbrain?

Answer 16

Refined motor movements, vital functioning (breathing, digestion), arousal, and alertness .

Question 17

What are the functions of the Midbrain?

Answer 17

Sensory motor reflexes

Question 18

What are the functions of the Forebrain?

Answer 18

Complex perceptual, cognitive, and behavioral processes. Movement, emotion and memory, sensory relay station, hunger and thirst: emotion

Question 19

What are the 2 major divisions of the Forebrain?

Answer 19

Diencephalon and Telencephalon

Question 20

What are some of the methods used for mapping the brain?

Answer 20

Cortical maps, EEG, CT,PET, MRI, fMR,rCBF

Question 21

What structures surround and protect the brain?

Answer 21

Meninges: Dura, Arachnoid, and Pia mater

Question 22

What does EEG stand for?

Answer 22

Electroencephalogram

Question 23

What does CT stand for?

Answer 23

Computed Tomography

Question 24

What does PET scan stand for?

Answer 24

Positron Emission Tomography scan

Question 25

What does MRI stand for?

Answer 25

Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Question 26

What does rCBF stand for?

Answer 26

regional Cerebral Blood Flow

Question 27

What does fMRI stand for?

Answer 27

functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Question 28

Basal Ganglia

Answer 28

Smooth movements

Question 29

Cerebellum

Answer 29

Coordinated movement

Question 30

Cerebral cortex

Answer 30

Complex perceptual, cognitive, and behavioral processes

Question 31

Hypothalamus

Answer 31

Hunger and thirst; emotion

Question 32

Inferior and Superior colliculi

Answer 32

Sensorimotor reflexes

Question 33

Limbic system

Answer 33

Emotion and memory

Question 34

Medulla oblongata

Answer 34

Vital function (breathing, digestion)

Question 35

Reticular formation

Answer 35

Arousal and alertness

Question 36

Thalamus

Answer 36

Sensory relay station

Question 37

Frontal Lobe function

Answer 37

Supervises processes associated with perception, memory, emotion, impulse control, and long term planning

Question 38

Parietal Lobe function

Answer 38

Somatosensory information processing: processing the five senses.

Question 39

Occipital Lobe function

Answer 39

Visual cortex: controls vision information

Question 40

Temporal Lobe function

Answer 40

Processes sounds, memory, language and emotion

Question 41

What is the difference between ipsilateral and contralateral communication between the brain and body?

Answer 41

Ipsilateral communication: when cerebral hemispheres communicated with the same side of the body. Contralateral communication: when cerebral hemispheres communicate with the opposite side of the body.

Question 42

How is the dominant hemisphere typically defined?

Answer 42

It one that is more heavily stimulated during language reception and production

Question 43

Acetylcholine

Answer 43

Voluntary muscle control

Question 44

Dopamine

Answer 44

Smooth movement and steady posture

Question 45

Endorphins

Answer 45

Natural pain killer

Question 46

Epinephrine/ norepinephrine

Answer 46

Fight or flight response

Question 47

GABA/ glycine

Answer 47

brain "stabilizer"

Question 48

Glutamine

Answer 48

Brain excitation

Question 49

Serotonin

Answer 49

mood, sleep, eating, dreaming

Question 50

Which endocrine organs influence behaviors? What hormones do they used and what do they do?

Answer 50

Adrenal glands: epinephrine, norepinephrine Gonads: Ovaries, testes : estrogen, progesterone, testosterone (sex hormones)

Question 51

Influence of nature vs. nurture

Answer 51

Nature: heredity, influence of inherited characteristics on behavior Nurture: influence of the environment and physical surroundings on behavior

Question 52

Describe the process of neurulation

Answer 52

Ectoderm overlaying notochord begins to furrow

Question 53

Rooting reflex

Answer 53

Automatic turning of head in the direction of stimulus

Question 54

Moro reflex

Answer 54

Reacting to abrupt movement of head by flinging arms up retracting them slowly and crying

Question 55

Babinski reflex

Answer 55

toes spread apart automatically when sole of foot is stimulated

Question 56

Grasping reflex

Answer 56

Closes fingers around an object placed in hand

Question 57

What are the two main themes that dictate the stages of motor development in early childhood?

Answer 57

Gross motor development proceeds from head to toe, and from the core to the periphery.

Question 58

Photoreceptors

Answer 58

sight: respond to visible light

Question 59

Hair cell

Answer 59

respond to movement of fluid in the inner ear

Question 60

Nocieceptors

Answer 60

Respond to painful stimuli or noxious stimuli

Question 61

Thermoreceptors

Answer 61

respond to changes in temperature

Question 62

Osmoreceptors

Answer 62

water homeostasis: responds to osmolarity of blood

Question 63

Olfactory receptors

Answer 63

(smell) respond to volatile compounds

Question 64

Taste receptors

Answer 64

(taste) respond to dissolved compounds

Question 65

Distal

Answer 65

in the distance

Question 66

Proximal

Answer 66

in close proximity

Question 67

Weber's law

Answer 67

The JND for a stimulus is proportional to the magnitude of the stimulus. this proportion is constant over most of the range of possible stimuli.