Biochemistry

Question 1

Oxidoreductase

Answer 1

Catalyze oxidation-reduction reactions. Transfer of electrons between biological molecules.

Question 2

Transferase

Answer 2

Catalyze the movement of a functional group form one molecule to another.

Question 3

Hydrolase

Answer 3

Catalyze the breaking of a compound by adding water. (Hydrolysis)

Question 4

Lyase

Answer 4

Catalyze a single molecule into 2 products.
Don’t require water as a substrate & don’t act as a oxidoreductase.

Question 5

Isomerase

Answer 5

Catalyze the rearrangement of bonds within a molecule. Catalyze reactions between stereoisomers and constitutional isomers.

Question 6

Ligase

Answer 6

Catalyze addition or synthesis reactions.
Between large similar molecules.
Require ATP

Question 7

Enzyme Specificity

Answer 7

One enzyme will only catalyze one reaction or class of reaction.
if you use the word enzyme nothing will happen

Question 8

Lock and Key Theory

Answer 8

Suggests enzyme’s active site (lock) is already the appropriate confirmation for the substrate (key)

Question 9

Induced Fit

Answer 9

More commonly seen.
Substrate of changed to fit the active site

Question 10

Cofactors

Answer 10

Inorganic molecules or metal ions. Typically ingested.

Question 11

Coenzymes

Answer 11

Small organic groups
Mostly vitamins or vitamin derivatives: NAD+, FAD, Coenzyme A
Coenzyme B: water soluble vitamins
Coenzyme C: coenzymes that must be replenished because they are easily excreted (Fat soluble vitamins)

Question 12

Michaelis-Menten rates

Answer 12

E + S <–> ES –>E+P

Question 13

Michaelis-Menten equations

Answer 13

v= (v max)([S]) /Km + [S]

Question 14

Turnover number (k cat)

Answer 14

v max = [E] k cat

Question 15

Structural protein

Answer 15

collagen, elastin, keratin, actin, and tubulin

Question 16

Motor protein

Answer 16

myosin, kinesin, dynein

Question 17

Binding proteins

Answer 17

bind a specific substrate. either to sequester in the body or hold its concentration at steady state

Question 18

Cell adhesion molecules (CAM)

Answer 18

Allows cells to bind to other cells or surfaces

Question 19

Cadherins

Answer 19

calcium-dependent glycoproteins that hold similar cells together

Question 20

Integrins

Answer 20

2 membrane-spanning chains and permit cells to adhere proteins in the extracellular matrix. some also have signaling capabilities.

Question 21

Selectins

Answer 21

allows cells to adhere to carbohydrates on the surfaces to other cells and are most commonly used in the immune systems.

Question 22

Ion channels

Answer 22

used for regulating ion flowing into or out of a cell.

Question 23

Ungated channels

Answer 23

are always open

Question 24

Voltage-gated channels

Answer 24

open within a range of membrane potentials

Question 25

Ligand-gated channels

Answer 25

open in the presence of a specific binding substance, usually a hormone or neurotransmitter

Question 26

Enzyme linked receptor

Answer 26

participate in cell signaling through extracurricular ligand binding and incantation of second messenger cascades.

Question 27

G protein-coupled receptors

Answer 27

have a membrane bound protein associated with a generic G protein.

Question 28

Electrophoresis

Answer 28

uses a gel matrix to observe the migration of proteins in response to an electric field

Question 29

Native PAGE

Answer 29

maintains the protein's shape, but results are difficult to compare because the mass-to-charge ratio differs for each protein

Question 30

SDS-PAGE

Answer 30

denatures proteins and masks the native charge so that comparison of the size is more accurate, but the functional protein cannot be recaptured from the gel.

Question 31

Isoelectric focusing

Answer 31

separates proteins by their isoelectric point the protein migrates toward an electrode until it reaches a region of the gel where PH=pI of protein.

Question 32

Chromatography

Answer 32

separates protein mixtures on the basis of their affinity for a stationary phase or a mobile phase