Flashcards in Behavioral Science Deck (37)
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1
What is a case control study?
It compares a group of people with a disease to a group of people without a disease; it looks at odds ratios -- Why do they have this disease? Erin Brokovich
2
What is a cohort study?
Compares a group with an exposure to a group without an exposure to see if it increases the likelihood of disease; looks at relative risk -- Will they get the disease?
3
What is a cross-sectional study?
Collects data from a group to assess frequency of disease at a point in time; DOES NOT establish causality but can show risk factors for disease
4
What is a twin concordance study?
Compares monozygotic to dizygotic twins to measure heritability
5
What is an adoption study?
Compares siblings raised by biological v. adoptive parents to measure heritability and environmental influence
6
What are the four phases of clinical trials?
Phase I - healthy volunteers (safety, toxicity, PK)
Phase II - patients with disease of interest (treatment efficacy, optimal dosing, adverse effects)
Phase III - large number of patients assigned to treatment or placebo
Phase IV - Postmarketing surveillance
7
What is sensitivity?
Probability that a positive test is positive in disease (SnOUT)
8
What is specificity?
Probability that a negative test is actually negative (SpIN)
9
What is the positive predictive value?
Probability that a person actually has a disease given a positive test result
10
What is the negative predictive value?
Probability that a negative test result indicates a true negative
11
What is the incidence rate?
It looks at the number of new cases in a time period out of the population at risk during the same time period
12
What is prevalence?
It looks at the number of existing cases out of the population at risk
13
What is the number needed to treat?
Number of patients that need to be treated for 1 patient to benefit
14
What is the number needed to harm?
Number of patients that need to be exposed to a risk factor for 1 to be harmed
15
What is absolute risk reduction?
Reduction in risk with treatment as compared to a control
16
If there is a high precision, there is a low ___
standard deviation
17
What is procedure bias?
When more attention is given to the treatment group
18
What is lead-time bias?
Early detection is confused with increased survival
19
What is the Hawthorne effect?
When a group changes its behavior because it knows it is being watched
20
In which skew is mean>median>mode?
Positive skew
21
In which skew is mean
Negative skew
22
What is a type I error?
Stating there IS a difference when none exists
23
What is a type II error?
Stating that there is NOT a difference when there is
24
If the CI includes zero...
there is no significant difference
25
If the CI includes one...
there still may not be a difference but there may
26
If the CIs do not overlap...
there is a difference
27
What is an ANOVA?
It looks at the difference between 3 or more groups
28
What is a chi-square?
Looks at difference between two or more percentages
29
What are the types of disease prevention?
Primary - prevent disease
Secondary - early detection
Tertiary - reduce disability form disease
30
When is parental consent not required?
Pregnancy, contraceptives, STDs, drug addiction, emergencies
31
What does APGAR mean?
appearance, pulse, grimace, activity, respiration
32
What is a "good" APGAR? "Bad"?
7 or greater is good, <4 resuscitate
33
What is low birth weight?
< 2500 g
34
T/F In the elderly, sexual interest decreases
FALSE
35
What are the BMI scores?
<18.5 is underweight
18.5-24.9 is normal weight
25-29.9 is overweight
30 obesity
35 severe obesity
40 morbid obesity
45 super obesity
36
Beta waves have the ____ frequency and the ____ amplitude
highest; lowest
37
