Behavioral Science

Question 1

What is phase I?

Answer 1

Is it safe?

Question 2

What is phase II?

Answer 2

Does it work?

Question 3

What is phase III?

Answer 3

Is it good or better?

Question 4

What is phase IV?

Answer 4

Can it stay?

Question 5

What is incidence?

Answer 5

of new cases/ population at risk

Question 6

What is prevalence?

Answer 6

of existing cases/population at risk

Question 7

What is Relative risk reduction?

Answer 7

1-RR

Question 8

What is precision?

Answer 8

Same as reliability

Question 9

What is accuracy?

Answer 9

Same validity. Measured against a gold standard

Question 10

What are the three major selection biases?

Answer 10

Berkinson: looking only at inpatients
Loss to follow up
Healthy worker and voluntary bias: study pop healthier than general population

Question 11

What is hawthorne effect?

Answer 11

Example of measurement bias. Groups behave differently because they know they’re being studied

Question 12

What is procedure bias?

Answer 12

Subjects in different groups not treated the same

Question 13

What are cross over studies for?

Answer 13

To reduce confounding bias

Question 14

How to reduce lead time bias?

Answer 14

Measure back end survival: adjust survival according to severity of disease time of diagnosis

Question 15

What is alpha?

Answer 15

Type I error

Question 16

What is beta?

Answer 16

Type II error

Question 17

How is power increased?

Answer 17

Increased sample size, expected effect size, precision of measurement

Question 18

What increases statistical power?

Answer 18

Meta analysis

Question 19

How many months of life expectancy must you have for hospice care?

Question 20

What is a cross sectional study?

Answer 20

Measuring exposure and outcome simultaneously (“snapshot”)

Question 21

What should be considered when evaluating a screening test?

Answer 21

Lead time bias (time for diagnosis to death seems longer because it was diagnosed earlier than normally would’ve)

Question 22

What is attrition bias?

Answer 22

Form of selection bias: loss to follow up

Question 23

What is effect modification?

Answer 23

Stratifying the data will show a significant difference?

Question 24

What is a confounder (vs effect modification)?

Answer 24

Stratifying the data will not show significant difference

Question 25

What is reflection?

Answer 25

Summarizing what the patient said

Question 26

What is facilitation?

Answer 26

Asking patient to tell you more

Question 27

What is number needed to teat?

Answer 27

1/ARR

Question 28

What is number needed to harm?

Answer 28

1/AR

Question 29

What is absolute risk reduction?

Answer 29

ARR = mortality rate in control - mortality rate in intervention

Question 30

What is the equation for confidence interval?

Answer 30

95% CI = +/- 1.96 (SD)/ sqrt (n) | 99% CI = +/-2.58(SD)/sqrt (N)

Question 31

What does it mean if CI crosses 0?

Answer 31

No significant difference and null cannot be rejected

Question 32

What does it mean if CI between two groups do not overlap?

Answer 32

Significant difference exists

Question 33

What is the pearson correlation coefficient (r)?

Answer 33

Always between -1 and +1. The closer absolute value of r is to 1, the stronger the linear correlation between two variable. Positive r means positive correlation. Coefficient of determination = r^2

Question 34

What is beneficence?

Answer 34

Acting in the patient's best interest (may conflict with autonomy since they have the right to refuse treatment)

Question 35

What is nonmaleficence?

Answer 35

Do no harm. Proceed with something if benefits outweigh risk.

Question 36

When is a minor emancipated?

Answer 36

In the military, married, or self-supporting

Question 37

What is apgar based on?

Answer 37

``` A: appearance P: pulse G: grimace A: activity R: respiration ```

Question 38

What is a good apgar score?

Answer 38

>7; 4=6 assist and stimulate,

Question 39

What is presbycusis?

Answer 39

High frequency hearing loss due to destruction of hair cells at cochlear base

Question 40

Pincer grasp

Answer 40

By 10 mos

Question 41

Cubes stacked

Answer 41

number = age x 3

Question 42

Feed self with fork and spoon

Answer 42

~ 2 years

Question 43

Parallel play

Answer 43

2-3 years

Question 44

Cooperative play

Answer 44

4 years

Question 45

1000 words

Answer 45

3 years (remember 3 zeroes)

Question 46

Copies line or circle, stick figure

Answer 46

4 years

Question 47

Tricycle

Answer 47

3 years

Question 48

Hops on one foot

Answer 48

4 years

Question 49

Uses buttons or zippers, grooms self

Answer 49

5 years

Question 50

Social smile

Answer 50

2 months

Question 51

Stranger and separation anxiety

Answer 51

6 and 9 mo respectively

Question 52

What is RR?

Answer 52

(a/a+b)/(c/c+d)

Question 53

What can minors consent to?

Answer 53

Prenatal care, STD, contraception, drug/alcohol addiction

Question 54

What is odds ratio?

Answer 54

ad/bc

Question 55

If a disease is bad what type of test do you want?

Answer 55

High sensitivity

Question 56

What is a cross over study?

Answer 56

Patients randomly allocated to sequence of two or more treatments given consecutively with washout in between.

Question 57

What is latent period?

Answer 57

Initial steps in pathogenesis and/or risk modifiers occurs years before disease clinically manifests; sometimes risk modifier exposure must be continuous to affect clinical outcome

Question 58

What is an ROC curve (receiver operating characteristic)?

Answer 58

Produced by plotting sensitivity (TP rate) against 1 - specificity (FP rate). The area under the curve represents accuracy of the test. Want the most area under the curve.

Question 59

What is the difference between randomized clinical trial and open label clinical trial?

Answer 59

In randomized they don't know what drug they are getting and in open label they do know (it can also be randomized)

Question 60

What is a case series?

Answer 60

Type of medical research study that tracks subjects with a known exposure, such as patients who have received a similar treatment, or examines their medical records for exposure and outcome

Question 61

What is correlation coefficient?

Answer 61

Correlation between two variables. The closer it is to 1 the stronger the association. REMEMBER IT IS NOT THE SLOPE