Pathology

Question 1

What are pro-apoptotic factors?

Answer 1

BAX and BAK

Question 2

How does Bcl-2 inhibit apoptosis?

Answer 2

By binding Apaf-1

Question 3

How does Fas-FasL activate caspase?

Answer 3

By forming a binding site for FADD, which activates caspases

Question 4

What gets degraded first in liquefactive necrosis?

Answer 4

Enzymes (lysosomal mediated)

Question 5

What gets degraded first in coagulative necrosis?

Answer 5

Proteins

Question 6

What shock is cold and clammy?

Answer 6

Hypovolemic/Cardiogenic

Question 7

What shock is warm and dry?

Answer 7

Distributive

Question 8

When do you see dystrophic calcification?

Answer 8

Secondary to necrosis

Question 9

High or low pH favors metastatic calcification and where does it occur?

Answer 9

High; occurs in kidneys, stomach, lungs

Question 10

What does PDGF do?

Answer 10

Stimulates fibroblast growth, vascular remodeling, smooth muscle cell migration

Question 11

What is an example of heritable amyloidosis?

Answer 11

ATTR neuo/cardiac amyloidosis due to transthyretin

Question 12

What is c-kit?

Answer 12

Cytokine receptor (for stem cell factor) ssociated with GIST

Question 13

What is BRAF?

Answer 13

Serine/threonine kinase associated with melanoma

Question 14

What is p16?

Answer 14

Cyclin dependent kinase inhibitor 2A associated with melonoma

Question 15

What does VHL do?

Answer 15

Inhibits hypoxia inducible factor 1a

Question 16

What cancer does asbestosis cause?

Answer 16

Bronchogenic carcinoma > mesothelioma

Question 17

What does Hageman Factor do/

Answer 17

Activates coagulation/fibronlytic systems, complement, kinin sysem

Question 18

What causes dolor?

Answer 18

Bradykinin and PGE2: sensitize sensory nerve ending

Question 19

What’s most indicative of lymph node malignancy?

Answer 19

Monoclonal TCR or Ig arrangements

Question 20

What two cancers can result from Rb mutation?

Answer 20

Retinoblastoma and Osteosarcoma

Question 21

What is S-100 a marker for?

Answer 21

Melanoma, Langerhans cell histiocytosis, schwannoma

Question 22

What is AFP a marker for?

Answer 22

Hepatocellular carcinoma

Question 23

What does neuroblastoma look like?

Answer 23

Pw abdominal mass commonly in adrenal gland, bombesin positive, homer wright pseudorosettes (central young nerve fibers around tumor cells)

Question 24

Where to tumors of penis, vagina, anorectal region drain to?

Answer 24

Medial side of horizontal chain of superficial lymph nodes

Question 25

How does tumor invade basement membrane?

Answer 25

Via hydrolases and metalloproteinases

Question 26

What is Ras?

Answer 26

A proto-oncogene; GTPase

Question 27

What are local deposits of amyloid? (list each organ)

Answer 27

``` Cardiac atria: ANP Pituitary: IAP (amylin) Thyroid: Calcitonin Cerebrum and vessels: beta amyloid Pituitary: prolactin ```

Question 28

What looks like non membrane bound cytoplasmic lipid that shifts within cells and scallops nuclear membrane?

Answer 28

Liposarcoma

Question 29

What is soft rubbery subq nodule made of mature fat cells?

Answer 29

Lipoma

Question 30

What cancer are you at risk for developing if prior exposure to radiation?

Answer 30

Thyroid carcinoma (significant risk)