Behavioral Sciences

Question 1

spreading activation

Answer 1

the spread of activation from the representations of presented words to semantically related words.

Question 2

recency effect

Answer 2

superior free recall performance for the last few items on the list

Question 3

proactive interference

Answer 3

the interference of information from long term memory with new information.

Question 4

Social reproduction

Answer 4

refers to the perpetuation (reproduction) of inequalities through social institutions (like educational systems or the economy).

Question 5

Internal locus of control

Answer 5

attributing an outcome to a personal trait

Question 6

Social stratification

Answer 6

refers to the objective social hierarchy in a society (according to social group characteristics)

Question 7

Cultural relativism

Answer 7

the evaluation of another culture using that other culture’s standards (norms and values) rather than one’s own cultural standards

Question 8

Institutional discrimination

Answer 8

refers to differential treatment of sociodemographic groups that is due to institutional culture or policies (rather than individual actions)

Question 9

Confirmation bias

Answer 9

the tendency to favor information that confirms existing beliefs, both in the search for evidence and in the interpretation of evidence

Question 10

Organization

Answer 10

a (relatively) formal group with an identifiable membership that engages in concerted action to achieve a common purpose

Question 11

Group polarization

Answer 11

refers to the phenomenon in which people who are in agreement get together with each other to discuss an issue, and their views get more extreme

Question 12

Conflict theory

Answer 12

calls attention to differences across social groups in power and status. The theory focuses on such structural differences among groups to explain how individuals, such as patients and doctors, relate to one another

Question 13

Anomie

Answer 13

a lack of attachment to social norms, which can result in a breakdown in the connection between individuals and their community

Question 14

Gardner’s idea of eight intelligences

Answer 14

introduced eight different types of intelligences consisting of: Linguistic, Logical/Mathematical, Spatial, Bodily-Kinesthetic, Musical, Interpersonal, Intrapersonal, and Naturalist

Question 15

Spearman’s idea of general intelligence

Answer 15

the g factor, or general intelligence, influences performance on all cognitive tasks

Question 16

Galton’s idea of hereditary genius

Answer 16

a system of arranged marriages between men of distinction and women of wealth would eventually produce a gifted race.

Question 17

Kohlberg’s preconventional stage of moral development

Answer 17

children’s decisions are primarily shaped by the expectations of adults and the consequences for breaking the rules, until about age 9

Question 18

Kohlberg’s conventional stage of moral development

Answer 18

the acceptance of social rules regarding what is good and moral. During this time, adolescents and adults internalize the moral standards they have learned from their role models and from society

Question 19

Kohlberg’s post-conventional stage of moral development

Answer 19

people develop an understanding of abstract principles of morality (Social contract and individual rights; Universal principles)

Question 20

James-Lange theory of emotion

Answer 20

emotions occur as a result of physiological reactions to events. This theory suggests that seeing an external stimulus leads to a physiological reaction.

Question 21

Schachter & Singer’s two-factor theory

Answer 21

states that 2 factors are needed to experience emotion. First, environmental stimuli elicits a physiological response. Second, we cognitively appraise this physiological activity, and try to give it the correct label.

Question 22

Cannon–Bard theory

Answer 22

states that the lower part of the brain, also called the thalamus, controls your experience of emotion. At the same time, the higher part of the brain, also called the cortex, controls the expression of emotion, physiological arousal and emotions are experienced simultaneously.

Question 23

Socialization

Answer 23

the process by which individuals learn norms and values, and popular media is an agent of socialization for instilling norms and values.

Question 24

Piaget’s sensorimotor period

Answer 24

The infant knows the world through their movements and sensations, Infants learn that things continue to exist even though they cannot be seen; 0-2 years old

Question 25

Piaget's preoperational period

Answer 25

Children begin to think symbolically and learn to use words and pictures to represent objects, Children at this stage tend to be egocentric and struggle to see things from the perspective of others, do not yet have conservation, 2-7 years old

Question 26

Piaget's concrete operational period

Answer 26

During this stage, children begin to thinking logically about concrete events, begin to understand conservation, 7-11 years old

Question 27

Piaget's formal operational period

Answer 27

At this stage, the adolescent or young adult begins to think abstractly and reason about hypothetical problems, Abstract thought emerges, moral and ethical issues, 12 and up

Question 28

periphery nation

Answer 28

less economically developed with weak governments and institutions, and often dependent on the core nations

Question 29

core nation

Answer 29

more economically developed with strong governments and institutions

Question 30

semi-periphery nation

Answer 30

are relatively weak in economic and political infrastructure, but are developing their economies and governments

Question 31

Mead's theory of identity

Answer 31

the “I” is the spontaneous and autonomous part of the self; the “me” is the part of the self that is formed in interaction with others and with the general social environment

Question 32

stimulus generalization

Answer 32

the extension of a conditioned response (CR) to stimuli that resemble the original CS

Question 33

working memory

Answer 33

a cognitive system with a limited capacity that can hold information temporarily

Question 34

Bystander effect

Answer 34

the observation that an individual who needs assistance will be less likely to be helped (or receive needed help more slowly) as the number of people nearby increases

Question 35

Meritocracy

Answer 35

when appointments, selections, and responsibilities are assigned to individuals based on merit – intelligence, skills, credentials, and other similar factors

Question 36

left hemisphere of brain

Answer 36

linguistic abilities are lateralized

Question 37

linguistic determinism hypothesis

Answer 37

the concept that language and its structures limit and determine human knowledge or thought, as well as thought processes such as categorization, memory, and perception.

Question 38

Ethnocentrism

Answer 38

the tendency to look at other cultures through the lens of one’s own culture

Question 39

Social capital

Answer 39

refers to the instrumental benefits of social ties; connections within and between social networks

Question 40

social constructionism

Answer 40

examines the development of jointly-constructed understandings of the world that form the basis for shared assumptions about reality. technologies are not independent from the societies in which they were created but rather have social factors like values built into them (regardless of whether or not the technology creators intended to incorporate social factor)