Biology

Question 1

phosphatase

Answer 1

responsible for the cleavage of phosphate bonds utilizing water to remove a molecule of inorganic phosphate

Question 2

isomerases

Answer 2

responsible for rearranging of the structure of molecules

Question 3

kinases

Answer 3

responsible for adding of phosphate groups to molecules

Question 4

transferases

Answer 4

responsible for transferring of functional groups between molecules

Question 5

Transport of proteins

Answer 5

cytoplasm->endoplasmic reticulum->Golgi apparatus->cell membrane

Question 6

Golgi apparatus

Answer 6

it packages proteins into membrane-bound vesicles inside the cell before the vesicles are sent to their destination.

Question 7

splicing

Answer 7

post transcriptional (DNA–> mRNA)

Question 8

bacteria cannot

Answer 8

splice introns

Question 9

Cytochrome C

Answer 9

a heme protein that cycles between a ferrous (Fe+2) and ferric (Fe+3) state during oxidative phosphorylation. a single electron is transferred in the process.

Question 10

best PCR primers

Answer 10

are high in CG content; and CG bases in 5′ and 3′

Question 11

nondisjunction

Answer 11

the process when paired chromosomes or duplicated chromosomes fail to separate and segregate in two distinct daughter cells, during anaphase I.

Question 12

Metaphase I

Answer 12

homologous pairs (tetrads) align at the metaphase plate, and each pair attaches to a separate spindle fiber by its kinetochore

Question 13

Metaphase II

Answer 13

when the chromosomes align themselves along the metaphase plate through the facilitation of the spindle fibers. The spindle fibers are now attached to the two kinetochores contained in the centromere of each chromosome.

Question 14

Meiosis II

Answer 14

results in the separation of sister chromatids without a change in ploidy, equational division

Question 15

Meiosis I

Answer 15

I results in homologous chromosomes being separated, generating haploid daughter cells; reductional division

Question 16

anaphase I

Answer 16

follows prophase I and metaphase I. This stage is characterized by the movement of chromosomes to both poles of a meiotic cell via a microtubule network known as the spindle apparatus. This mechanism separates homologous chromosomes into two separate groups

Question 17

Prophase I

Answer 17

homologous chromosomes pair and form synapses, crossing over occurs; chromatin condenses into chromosomes, the spindle appa-ratus forms, and the nucleoli and nuclear membrane disappear.

Question 18

Metaphase I

Answer 18

homologous pairs (tetrads) align at the metaphase plate, and each pair attaches to a separate spindle fiber by its kinetochore

Question 19

Telophase I

Answer 19

a nuclear membrane forms around each new nucleus. At this point, each chromosome still consists of two sister chromatids joined at the cen-tromere. The cells are now haploid; once homologous chromosomes separate, only n chromosomes are found in each daughter cell (23 in humans). The cell divides into two daughter cells by cytokinesis.

Question 20

Prophase II

Answer 20

the nuclear envelope dissolves, nucleoli disappear, the centrioles migrate to opposite poles, and the spindle apparatus begins to form

Question 21

Anaphase II

Answer 21

the centromeres divide, separating the chromosomes into sister chromatids. These chromatids are pulled to opposite poles by spindle fibers

Question 22

Telophase II

Answer 22

a nuclear membrane forms around each new nucleus. Cytoki-nesis follows, and two daughter cells are formed

Question 23

Order of meiosis

Answer 23

Prophase -> Metaphase -> Anaphase -> Telophase

Question 24

high transport capacity

Answer 24

a transporter can move a relatively high amount of molecules per unit time before becoming saturated

Question 25

transport affinity (Kt)

Answer 25

how readily the transporter will bind; independent of the concentration of transport protein; Kt is the substrate concentration at which the reaction rate is one-half the maximal transport capacity (Michaelis–Menten kinetics)

Question 26

anaerobic respiration

Answer 26

produces 2 molecules of ATP

Question 27

aerobic respiration

Answer 27

30 molecules of ATP produced

Question 28

euchromatin

Answer 28

the form of DNA that is available for transcription, lightly packed form of chromatin

Question 29

heterochromatin

Answer 29

a tightly packed form of DNA or condensed DNA

Question 30

microfilaments

Answer 30

assist with cell movement and are made of a protein called actin. Actin works with another protein called myosin to produce muscle movements, cell division, and cytoplasmic streaming

Question 31

microtubules

Answer 31

polymers of tubulin that form part of the cytoskeleton and provide structure and shape to eukaryotic cells

Question 32

intermediate filament

Answer 32

create cell cohesion and prevent the acute fracture of epithelial cell sheets under tension

Question 33

fatty acid

Answer 33

a long chain hydrocarbon tail and carbonyl head

Question 34

Kd

Answer 34

how well a specific substrate will bind to the enzyme. the lower the KD value (lower concentration) and thus the higher the affinity of the antibody.

Question 35

protease

Answer 35

catalyzes the cleavage of peptide bonds