Behavioral Sciences Chapter 10: Social Thinking

Question 1

Interpersonal attraction

Answer 1

what makes people like each other and is influenced by multiple factors

Question 2

Physical attractiveness is increased by

Answer 2

Symmetry and proportions close to the golden rule ratio

Question 3

What influences interpersonal attraction?

Answer 3

Similarity of attitudes, intelligence, education, height, age, religion, etc.
Self-disclosure
Reciprocity - we like people who we think like us
Proximity

Question 4

Agression

Answer 4

a physical, verbal or nonverbal behavior with the intention to cause harm or increase social dominance

Question 5

Attachment

Answer 5

an emotional bond to another person and usually refers to the bond between a child and a caregiver. There are 4 types: secure, avoidant, ambivalent, disorganized

Question 6

Secure attachment

Answer 6

requires a consistent caregiver so the child is able to go out and explore knowing he or she has a secure base to return to; the child will show strong preference for the caregiver

Question 7

Avoidant attachment

Answer 7

Occurs when a caregiver has little or no response to a distressed, crying child; the child shows no preference for the caregiver compared to strangers

Question 8

Ambivalent attachment

Answer 8

Occurs when a caregiver has an inconsistent response to a child’s distress, sometmes responding appropriately, sometime neglectful; the child will become distressed when caregiver leaves and is ambivalent when they return.

Question 9

Disorganized attachment

Answer 9

occurs when a caregiver is erratic or abusive; the child shows no clear pattern of behavior in response to the caregiver’s absence or presence and may show repetitive behaviors.

Question 10

Social support

Answer 10

the perception or reality that one is cared for by a social network

Question 11

Emotional support

Answer 11

listening to, affirming and empathizing with someone’s feelings.

Question 12

Esteem support

Answer 12

Affirms the qualities and skills of the person.

Question 13

Material support

Answer 13

providing physical or monetary resources to aid a person

Question 14

Informational support

Answer 14

providing useful information to a person

Question 15

Network support

Answer 15

providing a sense of belonging to a person

Question 16

Foraging

Answer 16

searching for and exploiting food resources

Question 17

Mating system

Answer 17

Describes the way in which a group is organized in terms of sexual behavior

Question 18

Monogamy

Answer 18

consists of exclusive mating relationships

Question 19

Polygamy

Answer 19

consists of one member of a sex having multiple exclusive relationships with members of the opposite sex, inculding polygyny and polyandry

Question 20

Promiscuity

Answer 20

Allows a member of one sex to mate with any member of the opposite sex without exclusivity

Question 21

Mate choice

Answer 21

the selection of a mate based on attraction and traits

Question 22

Altruism

Answer 22

a form of helping behavior in which the person’s intent is to benefit someone else at some cost to him- or herself

Question 23

Game theory

Answer 23

attempts to explain decision-making between individuals as if they are participating in a game

Question 24

Inclusive fitness

Answer 24

a measure of an organism’s success in the population. This is based on the number of offspring, success in supporting offspring and the ability of the offspring to then support others

Question 25

Social perception or social cognition

Answer 25

the way by which we generate impressions about people in our social environment. Contains perceiver, target & situation

Question 26

Implicit personality theory

Answer 26

states that people make assumptions about how different types of people, their traits and behavior are related.

Question 27

Primacy effect

Answer 27

refers to when first impressions are more important than subsequent impressions

Question 28

Recency effect

Answer 28

when the most recent information we have about an individual is most important in forming our impressions

Question 29

reliance on central traits

Answer 29

tendency to organize the perception of others based on traits and personal characteristics that matter to the perceiver

Question 30

halo effect

Answer 30

when judgements of an individuals character can be affected by the overall impression of the individual

Question 31

Just-world hypothesis

Answer 31

the tendency of individuals to believe that good things happen to good people and bad things happen to bad people

Question 32

Self-serving bias

Answer 32

refers to the fact that individuals will view their own successes as being based on internal factors, while viewing failures as being based on external factors.

Question 33

Attribution theory

Answer 33

focuses on the tendency for individuals to infer the causes of other people's behavior

Question 34

dispositional (internal) causes

Answer 34

those that relate to the features of the person whose behavior is being considered.

Question 35

Situational (external) causes

Answer 35

related to features of the surrounding or social context

Question 36

Correspondent inference theory

Answer 36

used to describe attributions made by observing the intentional (especially unexpected) behaviors performed by another person.

Question 37

Fundamental attribution error

Answer 37

the bias toward making dipositional attributions rather than situational attributions in regard to the actions of others

Question 38

Attribute substitution

Answer 38

occurs when individuals make judgements that are complex but instead substitute a simpler solution or heuristic

Question 39

Attributions are influenced by:

Answer 39

Culture

Question 40

Stereotypes

Answer 40

occur when attitudes and impressions are made based on limited and superficial information about a person or a group individuals.

Question 41

Self-fulfilling prophecy

Answer 41

stereotypes can lead to expectations of certain groups, which can create conditions that lead to confirmation of the stereotype

Question 42

Stereotype threat

Answer 42

concern or anxiety about confirming a negative stereotype about one's social group.

Question 43

Prejudice

Answer 43

defined as an irrational positive or negative attitude toward a person, group or thing prior to an actual

Question 44

Ehtnocentrism

Answer 44

practice of making judgements about other cultures based on the values and beliefs of one's own culture.

Question 45

In-group

Answer 45

social group with which a person experiences a sense of belonging

Question 46

out-group

Answer 46

refers to a social group with which an individual does not identify

Question 47

Cultural relativism

Answer 47

refers to the recognition that social groups and cultures should be studied on their own terms

Question 48

Discrimination

Answer 48

when prejudicial attitudes cause individuals of a particular group to be treated differently from others

Question 49

Individual discrimination

Answer 49

refers to one person discriminating against a particular person or group

Question 50

Institutional discrimination

Answer 50

refers to the discimination against a particular person or group by an entire institution