Behavioural Neuroscience - UNI Flashcards

Question

Define homotopic (in regard to corpus callosum)

Answer 1

connects complementary region of other hemispheres

Answer 2

communicates to a different brain region

Answer 3

on the same side

Answer 4

cutting corpus callosum to prevent severe epileptic seizures (prevents communication between hemispheres)

Answer 5

Forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain

Answer 6

Telencephalon, diencephalon

Answer 7

Cerebral cortex, Basal ganglia, limbic system (note: even though included here, limbic system has structures within thalamus and hypothalamus)

Answer 8

Thalamus and hypothalamus

Answer 9

Mesencephalon

Answer 10

Tectum/tegmetum

Answer 11

Metencephalon, Myelencephalon

Answer 12

Cerebellum, pons

Answer 13

Medulla oblongata

Answer 14

AKA cerebral cortex Subdivision of forebrain consisting of limbic system, basal ganglia and cerebral cortex

Answer 15

Largest structure in the human brain Divided into 2 central hemispheres Inner 'white matter' has high proportion of axon fibres covered in fatty myelin layer Outer 'grey matter' where neurons synapse and connect together

Answer 16

the nuclei of the basal ganglia (including caudate nucleus & Putamen) are responsible for controlling involuntary movement, particular aspects that are highly automatised or involuntary (such as walking). The basal ganglia are dysfunctional in patients with Parkinson’s disease which leads to weakness, tremors, limb rigidity, poor balance and difficulty initiating movements

Answer 17

1937, James Papes propsed emotional circuit in the brain Includes hypothalamus, thalamus, cingulate gyrus, fornix, hippocampus, amygdala & orbitofrontal cortex Concept still used today, however, understanding of it has been refined Amygdala plays crucial role in emotion, now know that the hippocampus and surrounding parts of cortex used for learning and memory

Answer 18

2 main structures: Thalamus - relays sensory inputs to cerebral cortex, divided into several nuclei Hypothalamus - controls autonomic nervous system and endocrine system, regulates fight, flight, flee, making etc

Answer 19

Located within the brainstem At topmost region of the brainstem and sits directly above the hindbrain Connects pons and cerebellum with the forebrain Plays role in motor movement (particularly eye movement) + auditory and visual processing

Answer 20

Includes cerebellum (little brain), which gets info from visual, auditory, somatosensory & vestibular (balance) systems helps coordination of movement. Damage can cause movement problems with walking, jerky and poorly coordinated movements Also pons (sits on ventral surface of brainstem) Has several nuclei important in regulating sleep and arousal, also relays infro from cerebral cortex to the cerebellum

Answer 21

Medulla, links hindbrain to spinal cord and contains neurons for autonomic functions like respiration and heart rate

Answer 22

Frontal, temporal, pre-occipital notch, occipital love, parieto-occipital sulcus, parietal lobe, central sulcus

Answer 23

Occupies medial and lateral parts of the occipital cortex/lobe and the posterior of the brain Receives sensory info from the retina

Answer 24

The left and right visual field are each projected to the contralateral hemisphere. Light stimulus from the external environment from both visual fields stimulate the corresponding area of the retina within each eye.

Answer 25

Different regions of the retina are represented by different areas within the primary visual cortex. areas further out in peripheral vision are processed by areas of the visual cortex that extend into the calcarine fissure Primary visual cortex

Answer 26

Hubel and Wiesel won Nobel prize for this in 1981, basically shows the different neurons will only fire for simuli they are specific to (kinda like enzyme-substrate type stuff)

Answer 27

Involved in attention and spatial awareness. sits on the dorsal surface of the cortex and is referred to as part of the dorsal stream and the “where” pathway – named for its role in spatial localisation

Answer 28

Important in auditory processing. Also involved in more complex visual processing (faces & complex object recognition). sits on the ventral surface of the cortex and is part of the ventral stream and the “what” pathway – named for its role in complex object recognition

Answer 29

Occupies superior part of the temporal cortex, as well as a patch of cortex that is buried within the Sylvian fissure. It receives auditory sensory information from the cochlea (part of the inner ear concerned with hearing)Sounds of different frequencies (e.g., low versus high tones) are represented by different areas within the primary auditory cortex, forming a tonotopic map

Answer 30

Located immediately posterior to the central sulcus (large grove between the frontal & parietal lobe) Receives sensory information from the skin (temperature, touch & pain). Different regions of skin surface represented by different areas along the strip of cortex, forming a somatotopic map (face & hands overrepresented)

Answer 31

Located on the precentral gyrus immediately anterior to central sulcus. Different parts of primary motor cortex send signals that control different groups of voluntary muscles (e.g., hands, feet, lips). Like the primary sensory cortices, the primary motor cortex controls muscles on the opposite (contralateral) side of the body

Answer 32

Human frontal cortex is different from other animals - relatively larger than non primates - a higher level of connectivity with rest of the brain (compared to other apes) “higher order” functions of the frontal lobes - Voluntary, controlled behaviour - Impulse control & emotional regulation - Abstract reasoning & planning - Social cognition - Language

Answer 33

Classic case of altered “executive functioning” with frontal lobe damage. railway foreman in Cavendish, Virginia accident involving ‘tamping iron’ (1848) survived profound damage to frontal lobe behavioural changes (‘no longer Gage’ ) - personality changed profoundly - angry, impatient, obstinate, capricious - unable to plan for the future. - not employable in old job, (only held jobs where he did not make decisions)

Answer 34

Comparing brain structures across species. Many of the advances in behavioural neuroscience come from animal research. Even the basic Fruit Fly (Drosophila) shows similar patterns of activity in sleep anaesthesia and are used to “model” human disease.

Answer 35

Size of brain does not matter The more nurons within the brain, more connections, more complex functions Brains support functional specialisation

Answer 36

Comparing psychological process and behaviour across species. Charles Darwin made a number of claims that the root of virtually all human behaviour derives from natural processes operating on ancestral species, rather than gods or angels. These claims lead to many moral and ethical debates Debates continue today regarding the similarity of psychological processes in humans and animals Comparing subjective experiences are much harder, but some visual illusions exist across species

Answer 37

$100million donation from Microsoft founder Paul Allen. Creating very detailed maps/atlas with data from mouse & human brain from brain areas > neurons> gene

Answer 38

EU 10-year initiative worth over $1Billion. Emphasis on simulating neurons for “brain inspired computing” “neuromorphic computing” (sometimes described as “brain on a chip”) - In silico neuroscience

Answer 39

Peripheral (cranial and spinal nerves) and Central (brain and spinal cord)

Answer 40

Contains the brain (including the retinal cells within the eyeball) and the spinal cord The brain is encased by the skull, while the spinal cord sits within the vertebrae, which allows both protection and flexibility in a moving body

Answer 41

Refers to network of nerves that extend out from the CNS throughout the body. PNS sends messages from the brain to control muscle movement. The PNS also receives sensory information about body position, pain, temperature and transmits to the CNS

Answer 42

Into the Somatic and Autonomic nervous systems

Answer 43

Subdivision of the PNS Receives sensory information from the sensory organs & controls movement of skeletal muscle Efferent (send signals from brain to muscle) and afferent (send signals from peripheral sensory areas to communicate from sense modalities back to brain) cranial nerves. Also includes spinal nerves (sensory and motor pathways) that extend through vertebrae

Answer 44

The autonomic (“self-governing”) system (ANS) includes the smooth muscle, cardiac muscle and glands. It mediates non-voluntary functions of the nervous system Consists of the Parasympathetic and Sympathetic system that regulate important bodily functions and responses through opposing influences throughout the body. Also includes the Enteric Nervous System which supports digestion.

Answer 45

In ANS, dominates when body = rest and digest mode

Answer 46

Part of ANS, dominates in time of stress or threat - puts body into fight or flight

Answer 47

Part of Perpheral Nervous system Contains 100million neurons and is often termed the “2nd Brain” Has its own reflexes and senses and can act independently of brain (the only part of the PNS that can act autonomously). Nearly every neurotransmitter found in the brain is also found in the gut Plays a major role in emotions and stress ENS does not just help digestion. 90% of connections between the brain and gut go from the gut to the brain

Answer 48

When a neuron fires it is called an action potential and is caused by changes in flow of charged molecules (ions) across the neuron’s cell membrane. The term “action potential” refers to the rapid change in the membrane potential of the neuron caused by this movement of ions

Answer 49

As positive (Na+) ions flow into cell the membrane potential depolarises, (membrane potential moves from - 70mV closer to 0 mV). If membrane potential reaches -50 mV an action potential will be triggered.

Answer 50

After the action potential is finished there is a refractory period where the membrane potential is hyperpolarised meaning that it is even further from the threshold of activation and the neuron will be less likely to trigger another action potential until the membrane potential has returned to the resting potential of -70mV

Answer 51

Ions are only able to flow in and out across the neuron membrane in the gaps between the myelin, causing the actions potential to move faster

Answer 52

The neuron firing is “all or none” so frequency of firing determines the strength of the neural signal. Strong stimulus > leads to faster threshold for activation > more frequent action potentials

Answer 53

100 billion neurons > 1,000,000 billion synapses > 101,000,000 possible circuits Synapses enable communication between neurons Key structural details - Terminal button - Synaptic cleft - Pre & post synaptic membrane - Synaptic vesicles

Answer 54

Neurotransmitters are chemicals that are synthesised within the brain/neurons and are often called “chemical messengers”. The action potential stops at the end of an axon so the presynaptic neuron can only influence the post-synaptic neuron through the release of neurotransmitters across the synapse.

Answer 55

1. An action potential in the pre-synaptic cell triggers synaptic vesicles to move toward the cell membrane 2. This is followed by a fusion of the two membranes 3. Neurotransmitter molecules are then released 4. Neurotransmitter then flows into the synaptic cleft where it is available to bind to receptors on the post-synaptic membrane.

Answer 56

Neurotransmitter Release When synaptic vesicle merges with the presynaptic membrane the contents are released into the synaptic cleft. Sometimes referred to as “kiss & run” Neurotransmitter Reuptake The synapse has the capacity to recycle and reuse neurotransmitter molecules after they have been released. This is a process of reabsorption into the synapse termed endocytosis

Answer 57

Excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) depolarise the postsynaptic cell membrane EPSPs increase the likelihood that an action potential will be triggered in the postsynaptic neuron Glutamate is the primary excitatory neurotransmitter

Answer 58

Inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSPs) hyperpolarise the postsynaptic cell membrane IPSPs decrease the likelihood that an action potential will be triggered Gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA) is the primary inhibitory neurotransmitter The combined effect of EPSPs and IPSPs is called neural integration

Answer 59

The combined effect of EPSPs and IPSPs

Answer 60

At any time, a single neuron can simultaneously receive excitatory and inhibitory inputs impacting the flow of ions into the neuron. The neuron will only fire if the sum of the excitatory inputs is sufficiently greater than the inhibitory inputs to cause the membrane potential to pass the threshold of activation. Because each neuron integrates the signals from the incoming neurons in this way, the combined effect of EPSPs & IPSPs is called neural integration

Answer 61

Dopamine, Noradrenaline, Histamine and Seratonin

Answer 62

Neurotransmitters don’t typically enter the post-synaptic neuron directly. To cause an effect on the post- synaptic neuron, the chemical message must be “received” by attaching to the binding site of a receptor sensitive to that neurotransmitter. Opening an ion channel is one example of the effect caused by neurotransmitter binding to the receptor

Answer 63

Receptors are very selective (lock and Key). Each receptor can generally only be activated by one neurotransmitter (or a drug that is designed to mimic that neurotransmitter). Each receptor also have a very specific function/action. When a neurotransmitter binds to the receptor this will trigger the same event every time

Answer 64

Drugs work by mimicking the chemical structure of the natural compound (perfectly or partially) Can act as AGONISTS activating the receptor like the natural compound. Or can act as an ANTAGONIST blocking the receptor and preventing the natural compound from activating it. Drugs can impact every stage of neurotransmitter function from synthesis to release to receptor binding

Answer 65

Brain imaging assess brain structure and function “non-invasively” without dissection or damage to the brain. Neuropsychological methods link function to brain damage but with no control of lesion size or location in the brain. So it is difficult to identify similar patients and replicate findings – “experiments of nature”

Answer 66

EEG refers to both electroencephalography (the equipment/ method) and electroencephalogram (the data output – “writings of electricity from the head”) Now one of the main diagnostic tests for epilepsy

Answer 67

1924 - first human EEG - Hans Berger 1934 - first demonstration of epileptiform spikes with EEG - Fisher & Lowenback

Answer 68

good temporal resolution (can discriminate very brief events in time). Relatively cheap ($10,000-$100,000 per system). Many psychology departments owning multiple EEG systems Portable and possible to record EEG while people are moving around (important in the detection of epileptic seizures that can require people to wear an EEG cap for many days). Safe and well tolerated by participants - no real risks associated with placing recording electrodes on a person, beyond mild discomfort.

Answer 69

Poor spatial resolution. With more electrodes the spatial resolution can be improved, but it still difficult to determine precisely from which area of the underlying brain the signal has come. Typically only detects activity on the surface of the cortex. It is very hard to detect activity from more central regions within the brain, as the electrodes are attached to the outside of the skull

Answer 70

Hodgkin & Huxley recorded action potentials (electrical signals) in the giant axon of Atlantic squid in 1952 (won Nobel prize in 1963) A subsequent explosion of research in the following decades was based on technical advancements - Development of microelectrodes - “multi-unit” recording electrodes Much of the sensory and motor cortex was mapped using these methods in animal studies Hubel & Wiesel mapped the development and functional organisation of the visual system (won Nobel prize in 1981) Electrophysiology – Single Neurons

Answer 71

Records directly from individual neurons so is the best method to use if you want to know what the neurons are doing

Answer 72

High risks of infection as this technique is “invasive” penetrating the brain. It is only possible to record from a few (up to ~ 100 neurons at a time with multielectrode arrays), so can only record individual neurons or small network activity

Answer 73

MRI exploits the magnetic properties of brain tissue. MRI coil generates a VERY strong magnetic field (The earth’s magnetic field is about 1/1000 tesla, whereas the field created by an MRI scanner is between 1.5 and 7 tesla).

Answer 74

Magnetic field passes through the person’s head causing hydrogen atoms to align with the magnetic field. Radio frequency waves temporarily disrupt this alignment causing a signal that can be detected by this machine.  Because different areas of brain tissue contain different amounts of water (H2O), they emit different signals. Analysis software converts detected signals into very detailed images of different structures in the brain

Answer 75

Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI) – uses the same MRI equipment to detect the large axon tracts (“white matter”) that flow through the brain and connect different regions of cortex. Mapping of axons from premotor cortex that travel down to the spinal cord

Answer 76

functional MRI Cognitive processes use energy The production of energy uses oxygen from hemoglobin (blood) Oxygenated blood Doesn’t distort surrounding magnetic field Deoxygenated blood Distorts surrounding magnetic field First observed by Seiji Ogawa in 1990 blood vessels became more visible as blood oxygen decreased. Blood-oxygen-level-dependent (BOLD) signal tracks the ratio of oxygenated vs deoxygenated blood. BOLD dominates fMRI studies that map human brain function  As the brain region uses energy there is an increase in blood flow to the region.  Because fMRI images reflect the change in oxygen levels in the blood (not the neurons directly) there is a delay of a few seconds between time of neural activity and change in blood oxygen levels.

Answer 77

Very high spatial resolution, identifying exactly where in the brain different structures are or different function is occurring. MRI is also a very valuable tool because it can identify specific anatomical/Structural and functional properties of different brain regions.

Answer 78

MRI machines are very expensive and can cost ~$1million for the latest equipment. The equipment is also very large equipment and requires a specialist facility with multiple rooms to enable staff to work and the machine to be kept within a magnetically shielded room. Some safety risks associated with the large magnet, so it is important to ensure that no metal enters the MRI room. Requires specialist staff with radiography training (due to the cost and safety concerns).

Answer 79

Positron Emissions Tomography Uses radioactive substances knowns as tracers to visualise glucose metabolism or the neurotransmitter/ receptor function Can also use radioactive tracers to bind selectively to proteins of interest. PET is currently used as a diagnostic tool for Alzheimer’s Disease (detecting buildup of Amaloid protein)

Answer 80

Can detect different chemicals in the brain associated with either the metabolism (energy consumption), or specific neurotransmitter levels or receptors.

Answer 81

Expensive and requires specialist facilities and staff Relatively low spatial resolution compared to MRI The signal requires radioactive tracers to be injected into a participant’s blood (it is considered very safe, but it is important that the risks are managed with the appropriate safety precautions).

Answer 82

Using different methods brain regions can be permanently removed/destroyed or the brain activity can be temporarily decreased. OR Brain areas can also be stimulated to enhance or increase brain activity in that region.

Answer 83

Refers to the improvement of healthy function to above or better than normal. In contrast to medical use, which aims to improve impairments to achieve healthy function. There is increasing claims around the use of both brain stimulation and drugs to improve brain function beyond typical normal levels. This is an area that has attracted a lot of attention from neuroethicists.

Answer 84

Unlike brain imaging techniques like fMRI which provide correlational information, brain modulation provides information about causation and whether a given brain region is necessary for a particular task.  In the past, naturally occurring brain damage has provided information about the role of different brain areas (i.e. Broca’s area in language production). New techniques to modify specific brain regions or process in living people, make it possible to test hypotheses and directly examine the links to behaviour.

Answer 85

The term ablation = “to carry away” Deliberate lesions allow a relatively high degree of precision e.g the limbic system contains a number of small structures including the hippocampus and amygdala  Ablations in monkeys show only that the hippocampus plays a role in learning and memory For research purposes this was limited to animal studies. Human ablation was used for medical treatment.

Answer 86

Introduced the prefrontal leucotomy for the relief of psychiatric disorders This worked linked personality to the frontal lobes. ased on reports that removing the frontal lobes of a chimpanzee made it calmer and more cooperative While results for patients were not always positive, clinician’s at the time considered the procedure successful Moniz awarded Nobel Prize for this discovery

Answer 87

A leucotome was inserted into one of several holes drilled in the skull. The wire was then extruded from the tip and the leucotome rotated to remove a core of tissue. Alternatively, a cutting implement was inserted above the eyelid, pushed through the base of the skull (which is very thin and brittle just above the eyes), and rocked from side to side to slice through the frontal lobes, thus separating them from the rest of the brain

Answer 88

Initial impression of improvements - Led to its widespread use - Subsequently shown to be ineffective Profound personality consequences - Apathy - Emotional unresponsiveness - Disinhibition - Inability to plan Popularised by Walter Freeman in the 40’s and 50’s - 40,000 operations in the USA

Answer 89

Electrical stimulation has also been used to reveal precise localisation of cortical function. In 1870, Fritsch & Hitzig (Germany) electrically stimulated part of the frontal cortex in dogs; induced contractions of specific muscles on the opposite side of the body

Answer 90

Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) invented in Italy in the 1930s It was already known that seizures reduced psychiatric symptoms As early as the 1500s, seizure inducing agents were used to treat psychiatric conditions ECT originally used to treat a range of mental illnesses Now used to treat severe depression Mechanism of action is unknown electrical stimulation of the frontal lobes needs to be strong enough to cause a seizure

Answer 91

Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation A range of non-invasive methods for electrical brain stimulation now exist, however the efficacy and safety remains debated.

Answer 92

In Transcranial Magnetic stimulation (TMS), a coil carrying an electrical current generates a brief, focal magnetic pulse which activates a small region of cortex (approximately 10 – 15 mm) underlying the coil. The activation acts like a ‘virtual lesion’, temporarily disrupting the tissue for a few hundred milliseconds. The technique is painless (unless it triggers muscle contraction).

Answer 93

Drugs can impact every stage of neurotransmitter function from synthesis to release to receptor binding

Answer 94

The adaptability/changeability of neural connections

Answer 95

The brain is always active (even in sleep). The pattern of activation of neurons can itself impact future activation of neurons. Existing synapses can be strengthened or weakened (see next slides) New synapses can be generated existing synapses can shrink or be removed

Answer 96

Long-Term Potentiation (LTP) referred to as either the Hebb Rule or Hebbian Learning in recognition of Donald Hebb’s 1949 proposal that “neurons that fire together wire together.”

Answer 97

If activation at one synapse is repeatedly accompanied by an action potential at the post synaptic neuron, the synaptic connection becomes stronger. The post synaptic neuron will become more “sensitive” to neurotransmitter release from presynaptic neuron and more likely to reach the threshold for activation. Increasing the likelihood of a post-synaptic potential allows the neural signal to be transmitted more quickly (remember the “rate law”). Important in learning (and motor speed that comes with practiced movements)

Answer 98

Memories can fade and skills can be lost if the underlying neural networks are not stimulated sufficiently - “use it or lose it.”

Answer 99

Long-term depression (LTD) can be broadly conceptualised as the opposite of LTP with weakening of synaptic connections. The post-synaptic neuron becomes less sensitive to neurotransmitter release by the presynaptic neuron and will be less likely to fire in response. It is an important complement to the strengthening of synaptic connections in LTP and weakens synaptic connections that are infrequently stimulated LTP & LTD together enable the brain to adapt to current needs

Answer 100

Making new neurons

Answer 101

Hippocampus (involved in the consolidation of long- term memories) and the olfactory bulb (involved in detection of odour/smell).

Answer 102

Synaptic plasticity often presented in the media and “self- help” books as capacity for the entire brain to totally transform and replace damaged brain tissue as needed Unfortunately, that is not true. Neurogenesis does not occur in all brain regions. People typically experience some degree of sustained impairment after severe stroke or traumatic brain damage. The neurons that are destroyed are typically not replaced in the brain and function will remain impaired

Answer 103

Thanks to LTP & LTD, there is tremendous capacity for surviving neurons to adapt, increasing connections between healthy brain regions > weakening or removing connections with damaged areas. This leads to improved function and rehabilitation through “retraining” their brain to compensate for some lost functioning.

Answer 104

Motor Control Emotion Consciousness

Answer 105

Consider the case of hitting a cricket ball. Eyes and ears provide important visual and auditory cues. Some sensory signals may be important for successful execution of the task other signals might be distracting (such heckling from the opponent). The brain must select the relevant sensory cues depending on the current task or goals which are maintained in working memory and supported by the frontal cortex. Appropriate motor actions need to executed, balance maintained etc etc

Answer 106

The concept of emotion has several different meanings. - positive or negative feelings we experience (happiness, fear, etc). - Emotion can also be used to refer to the physiological or behavioural changes (increase in heart rate, rapid breathing, eye gaze etc. Emotions consist of patterns of physiological response and species-typical behaviours. In humans these physiological responses are accompanied by feelings. Feelings are powerful motivators Emotions are likely to have evolutionary significance (Charles Darwin;1872) - emotional expressions convey an animal’s intentions

Answer 107

Behavioural Autonomic Hormonal The subjective/concious feeling of an emotion is likely shaped by all 3 components

Answer 108

Muscular changes that are appropriate to the situation that elicits them. e.g. a dog may defend its territory by adopting an aggressive posture (growling, ears forward, back and tail up, teeth bared). If this behavioural causes fear the intruding dog may adopt a submissive posture (ears back, back and tail down). Otherwise, the defending dog may run toward the intruder and attack.

Answer 109

Physiological changes induced by the autonomic nervous system facilitate the behavioural responses. e.g. In dog defending territory, activity of the sympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system increases whereas activity of the parasympathetic branch decreases (heart rate increases, and blood is diverted from the digestive system to the muscles).

Answer 110

Within the body hormones reinforce the autonomic changes. The adrenal gland secretes adrenaline. Adrenaline acts to further increase blood flow to the muscles and cause nutrients stored in the muscles to be converted into glucose.

Answer 111

The three components of the emotional responses (Behavioural, Autonomic and Hormonal) involve separate aspects of the nervous systems. The amygdala plays an important role in coordinating the emotional response and sending the appropriate signals to the autonomic and hormonal responses These same types of emotional responses can also impact cognitive and behavioural performance in less extreme cases (such as the life-threatening events that can trigger a flight or fight response) Emotional responses help to integrate incoming sensory signals and coordinate appropriate regulation of the brain and body. The purpose of the emotion is to modify a person’s experience and behaviour in a way that is appropriate for the context.

Answer 112

In the cricket example, if player is nervous this will increase noradrenaline release. Noradrenaline increase the player’s heart rate (and other impacts of sympathetic nervous system activation). Within the brain this heighten emotional responses might lead to impulsive decisions and introduce errors. In the context of a person running from a lion, the benefit of increased speed greatly outweighs the potential negative consequences of reduced accuracy. In the context of a cricket game (or a university exam) where life is not in threat, a calm head may be better for deliberate strategic decisions and reduced errors

Answer 113

Emotional reactions to questions are used to determine ‘truthfulness’ of answers Measures physiological responses associated with activity of autonomic nervous system Still used routinely by law enforcement authorities in many countries

Behavioural Neuroscience - UNI Flashcards

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