Behavioural Science Flashcards
(18 cards)
Define what a group is
2 or more individuals in face to face interaction, each aware of his or her membership of the group, aware of the others who belong to the group and aware of their positive independence as they strive to achieve mutual goals
What is a primary group
Small, moderate in duration, interaction between members very important eg families, couples, close friends, street gangs
What is a social group
Groups in public settings (employment), goal focused (non-employment) eg employees at a restaurant, people who work at a factory, committees, support groups, juries
What are associations
Aggregations of people formed spontaneously often for a brief time, weak relationships between people, limited interaction eg people at a bus stop, cinema audience, residents in a large neighbourhood
What are categories
Aggregates of individuals like one another in terms of gender, ethnicity religion, beliefs, nationality etc eg women, Buddhists, doctors
What characteristics do groups require to function well
- establishment of group norms
- roles for group members
- cohesiveness
- effective leadership
What is a norm
Defines group membership and differentiates between groups
Norms and stereotypes are closely related
What are 3 typical roles in a group
- Task roles- getting the work done (generating ideas, coordinating, evaluating)
- Social roles- positive functioning, encouraging, harmonising, compromising
- Dysfunctional roles- disrupt progress, dominating, seeking recognition
What is group cohesiveness
Solidarity , team spirit, morale
Binds people as a group giving them a sense of oneness
What are 4 factors that determine cohesiveness
- similarity
- cooperation
- interpersonal acceptance
- shared threat
What does cohesiveness predict
- conformity to group norms
- accentuated similarity (self and in group member stereotyping)
- improved intragroup communication
- enhanced liking
Define leadership
The process of influencing others in a manner that enhances their contribution to the realisation of group goals
Outline Bauld et al’s study into the efficacy of NHS smoking cessation programmes
- systematic review of intensive NHS treatments for smoking cessation
- studies published between 1990 and 2007
- 20 studies included
- good efficacy for NHS treatments for smoking cessation
- group treatment more effective than 1-2-1
Define social support
A social ‘fund’ from which people may draw when handling stressors
Functions performed for the individual by significant others such as family, friends and co workers
What has loneliness been associated with
- increased depressive symptomology
- lower subjective wellbeing
- heightened vigilance for social threats
- decreased executive functioning
- links with dementia and cognitive decline and sleep fragmentation
- higher morbidity and mortality
What are phagocytes
Macrophages already present in tissues, and recruited from blood monocytes
-neutrophils recruiters from blood monocytes
Able to engulf and digest bacteria, protozoa, cells and cell debris and other small particles
What is complement
A collection of proteins found in the circulation and tissue fluids: initially described by their ability to ‘complement’ the effects of antibodies
Various complement proteins act as: activation enzymes, immune defence molecules, control proteins
- activation of complement proteins is triggered by infection and immune activation. And occurs as a cascade or chain reaction with amplification
What happens when a phagocyte is activated
The macrophage expresses receptors for many bacterial constituents. Bacteria binding to macrophage receptors initiate the release of cytokines and small lipid mediators of inflammation.
Macrophages engulf and digest bacteria to which they bind
