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behavioural sciences Flashcards

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1
Q

transduction

A

conversion of physical, electromanetic, auditory, and other info from our internal and external enviornment to perihperal nervous system

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2
Q

perception

A

processing of this info to make sense of significance

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3
Q

ganglia

A

collections of neuron cell bodies found outside the cns

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4
Q

photoreceptors

A

respond to electromagnetic waves in the visible spectrum

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5
Q

hair cells

A

respond to movement of fluid in the inner ear structures

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6
Q

nociceptors

A

respond to painful or noxious stimuli

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7
Q

thermoreceptors

A

respond to changes in temp

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8
Q

osmoreceptors

A

respond to osmolarity of bloodolf

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9
Q

actory receptors

A

respond to volatile compounds

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10
Q

taste receptors

A

RESPOND TO DISSOLVED COMPOUNDS

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11
Q

absolute threshold

A

minimum intensity at which a stimulus will be transduced (converted into action potentials)

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12
Q

thresholds can also be called what

A

limina

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13
Q

subliminal perception

A

perception of stimulus below given threshold

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14
Q

discrimination testing

A

presented with stimulus that is varied slightly and then is asked to identify whether there is a difference in second stimulus - difference between current stimulus and og is increased until participant reports noticing a change

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15
Q

webers law

A

there is a constant ratio between the change in stimiulus magnitide needed to produce a jnd and the magnitude of the og stimulus

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16
Q

jnd

A

just noticeable difference

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17
Q

jnd for sound frequency

A

0.68 percent

3Hz/440Hz

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18
Q

sclera

A

white part of the eye

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19
Q

choroidal vessels

A

complex intermingling of blood vessels between sclera and retina

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20
Q

anterior chamber is between what and posterior chamber is between what

A

lies in fron tof iris

between iris and lens

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21
Q

two muscles of iris

A

dilator pupillae - opens pupil under sympathetic stimulation

constrictor pupillae - constricts pupil under parasympathetic stimulation

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22
Q

what produces the aqueous humour?

A

ciliary body

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23
Q

retina function

A

convert incoming photons of light to electrical signals

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24
Q

duplexity / duplicity theory of vision

A

retina contains two kinds of photorecptors

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25
cones and rods
6 million cones - colour vision and fine details 120 million rods - sensation of light and dark
26
macula / fovea
high conc of cones fovea = only cones
27
bipolar cells
highlight gradients beteen adjacent rods or cones
28
amacrine and hroizonatl cells
rceive input from multiple retinal cells in same area before the info is paassed on to ganglion cells
29
parallel processing
ability to simultaneously analyze and combine info regarding colour shape motion
30
shape is detected by what
parvocellular cells - high colour and spatial resolution - low temporal resolution
31
motion is detected by
magnocellular cells - high temporal resolution - low spatial resolution
32
three parts of cochlea
calae oran of corti tympani
33
round window
permits perilymph to actually move within cochlea
34
vestibule contains what
utricle and saccule sensitive to linear acceleration
35
semicircular canasl are what
rotational acceleration sensitive
36
lateral geniculate nucleaus is for what and what about eh medial geniculate nucleus
light music
37
place theory
the location of hair cell on basilar membrane determines the perception of pitch when that hair cell is vibrated
38
gestalt principles
ways for the brain to infer missing parts of a picture when it is incomplete
39
gestalt pricniples examples
proximity similarity good continuation subjective contours closure
40
law of pragnanz
perceptual organization will always be as regular, simple, and symmetric as possible
41
olfacotry nerves ocated where
olfactory epithelium in upper part of nasal cavity
42
five receptors that receive tactile info
pacinian corpuscles - deep pressure and vibration meissner corpuscles - light touh merkel cells (discs) - deep pressure and texture ruffini endings - stretch free nerve endings - pain and temp
43
three concepts related to touch preception
two point thresholds physiological zero gate theory of pain
44
two point threshol
minimum distance necessar betn two points of stimation on skin such that the points will be felt as two distinct stimuli
45
gate theory of pain
special gating mech that can turn pain signals on or off
46
proprioception
ability to tell where ones body is in space
47
bottum up processing
object recognition by parallel processig and feature detection
48
top down processins
driven by memories and epectations that alow brain to recognize whole object and then recognize components based on epectations
49
perceptual organization
ability to use two processes (top down down top) in tandemo with other sensory clues about obejct to complete picture
50
depth perceptors
monocular and bioncocular cues
51
escape learning
the role of te behaviour is to reduce the unpleasantness of something that already exists
52
fixed ratio schedules
reinforce behaviour after a specific number of performances of that behaviour
53
shaping
the process of rewarding increasingly specific behaviours
54
implicit memory
nondeclarative or procedural our skills and conditioned responses
55
explicit memroy
those memories that reuiqre conscious recall divided into semantic and episodic memory semantic - facts we know episodie - experiences
56
korsakoff's syndrom
caused by hiamine deficiency in the brain marked by retrograde amnesia - loss of previosuly formed memories anterograde amnesia - inability to form new memories confabulation - process. of creating vivid but fabricated memroeis
57
agnosia
loss of ability to recognize objects, people, or sounds - usually one of the three - caused by stroke or neurological disorder such as ms
58
info processing model has four key components
thinking requires sensation encoding and sorage f stimuli stimuli must be analyzed by brain - to be useful in decision making decisions made in one situation can be extrapolated and adjusted to help solve new poblems prblem solving is dependent not only on the person's cognitive level, but lso on the context and complexity of the problem
59
piaget's stages of cognitive dvlpment
sensorimotor preoperational concrete operational formal operational
60
assimilation
process of classifying new info into existing schemata
61
acommodation
process by which existing shcemta are modified to encompass new info
62
preoperational stage concrete operational stage formal operation stage
2 - 7 7 - 11 11 onwards
63
deductive vs inductive reasoning
top down - starts from general set of rules and draws conclusions from information given bottom up - create a theory via generalizations
64
heuristics
simplified principles used to make decisions - rules of thumb
65
gardner's multiple intelligences
linguistic locial mathematical musical visual patial bodily kinesthetic interpesonal and intraperosnal
66
eeg records what
average of the electrical patterns within different portions of the brain
67
beta waves alpha waves
high frequecy and occur when person is alert or attending to a mental task that requires concentration - when neurons are randomly firing when we are awake but relaxing with our eyes closed and are somewhat slower than beta waves - also more synchronized
68
as you doze off, you enter stage 1, which is detected on the eeg by appearance of ____ waves
theta irregular waveforms with slower frequencies and higher voltages
69
stage two eeg
theta waves alone with sleep spindles and k complexes
70
stages 3 and 4 eeg
slow wave sleep - eeg activity grows progressively slower until only a few sleep waves per second are seen - called delta waves
71

MCAT (6 decks)

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