physics and math

Question 1

kinetic energy is related to ______, not _______

Answer 1

speed
velocity

Question 2

first law of thermodynamics accounts for what

Answer 2

conservation of mechanical energy

Question 3

conservative forces (e.g. ______), conserve mechanical energy and nonconservative forces (e.g. __________), dissipate mechcanicla energy as __ or __ energy

Answer 3

gravity and electrostatic forces
friction and air resistance
thermal
chemical

Question 4

work is not energy but a measure of ______

Answer 4

nrg transfer
other form is heat

Question 5

when work is done by a system, it is what and when it is done on a system it is what

Answer 5

positive
negative

Question 6

when volume stays constant as pressure canges, then no work is done because there is no area to caclulate, and that is called a what process

Answer 6

Isovolumetric
isochoric

Question 7

if pressure remains constant as volume changes, then area under curve is rectangle of length P and width of change of V, which is called a what process

Answer 7

isobaric

Question 8

five simple machiens

Answer 8

wedge, wheel and axle, lever, pulley, and screw

Question 9

when considering simple machines, both the _____ and the ______ are forces

Answer 9

load
effort

Question 10

the load determiens the necessary ___, and from that and the mechanical advantage, we can determine the necessary _____

Answer 10

output force
input force

Question 11

zeroth law of thermodynamics

Answer 11

when one object is in thermal equilibrium with another object, and that one is in thermal equilibrium with a third object, then the first and third object are also in equilibrium

Question 12

temp is a ______ property of matter related to average _____ energy of the particles - differences in temp determines the direction of ____

Answer 12

physical
kinetic
heat transfer

Question 13

what is thermal equilibrium

Answer 13

no net heat flows between two objects in thermal contact - temps are equal then

Question 14

third law of thermodynamics

Answer 14

entropy of a perfectly organized crystal at absolute zero is zero

Question 15

isolated systems

Answer 15

not capable of exchanging energy or matter with their surroundings =

total change in internal energy must be zero

rare though

Question 16

closed systems

Answer 16

capable of exchanging energy, but not matter with surroundings

gases in vessles with moveable pistons for exaple

Question 17

open systems

Answer 17

can exchange both matter and energy with environemnt - not only does matter carry enery, but more may be transferred in form of heat or workst

Question 18

ate functions

Answer 18

thermodynamic properties that are a function of only the current equilibrium state of a system

Question 19

state functions include what

Answer 19

pressure, density, temp, volume, enthalpy, internal nrg, gibbs free energy, and entropy

Question 20

process functions

Answer 20

work and heat

describe path taken to get to one state to another

Question 21

first law of thermodynamics

Answer 21

change in total internal energy of a system is equal to the amount of energy transferred in the form of heat to the system minus the amoutn of nrg transferred from the system in the form of work

Question 22

second law of thermodynamics

Answer 22

objects in thermal contact and not in thermal equilibrium will exchange heat energy such that the object with a higher tempeterautre will give off heat energy to the object with a lower temperature until both objects have the same termaptrue at thermal equilibrium

Question 23

conduction

Answer 23

direct transfer of energy from molecule to molecule through molecular collisions

Question 24

convection

Answer 24

transfer of heat by the physical motion of a fluid over a materal
only liquids and gases can do this

Question 25

radiation

Answer 25

transfer of energy by electromagnetic waves can transfer energy through a vacuum

Question 26

specific heat of a substance

Answer 26

amount of heat energy required to raise one gram of a substance by one degree celsius

Question 27

entropy

Answer 27

measure of the spontaneous dispersal of energy at a specific temrpature

Question 28

phase change names solid to liquid liquid to solid liquid to gas gas to liquid solid to gas gas to solid

Answer 28

fusion or melting freezing or solidification boiling, evaporation or vaporization condensation sublimation deposition

Question 29

isothermal isovolumetric isochoric adiabatic isobaric

Answer 29

constant temp no change in volume no work accomplished no heat exchange onstant pressure

Question 30

atmospheric pressure changes with what

Answer 30

altitude

Question 31

absolute (hydrostatic) pressure is what

Answer 31

total pressure that is exerted on an object that is submerged in a fluid

Question 32

field lines

Answer 32

used to represent the electric field vectors for a charge point away from positive charge, and point toward negative charge denser the field lines, the stronger the electric field field lines of a single charge never cross each other

Question 33

any charge moving parallel or antiparallel to the direction of magnetic field will experience what

Answer 33

no force from the magnetic field

Question 34

diamagnetic materials

Answer 34

made of atoms with no unpaired electrons and that have no net magnetic field

Question 35

paramagnetic materials

Answer 35

become wekly magnetized in the presence of an external magentic field

Question 36

ferromagnetic materials

Answer 36

unpaired electrons and permanent atomic magnetic dipoles that are normally oriented randomly so that the material has no net magnetic dipole will become strongly magnetized when exposed to magnetic field or under certain temps

Question 37

points with maximum fluctation in waves

Answer 37

antinodes

Question 38

for strings attached at both ends, the ______ tells you which harmonic it is

Answer 38

numebr of antinodes

Question 39

in open pipes, the ____ present will tell you which harmonic it is

Answer 39

number of nodes

Question 40

in closed pipes, count what

Answer 40

number of quarter wavelengths contained in pipe to determine the harmonicc

Question 41

positive and negative image

Answer 41

positive = i>0 (real image) negative = i<0 (virtual - located behind mirror)

Question 42

any tme an object is at the focal point of a converging mirror, the reflected rays will be ____ and the image will be at ____

Answer 42

parallel infinity

Question 43

the focal length of conversing mirrors and lenses will always be ____, and the focal length of diverging mirros and lenses will always be ____

Answer 43

positive negative

Question 44

assuming o is positive, upright images are always ___ ___ image is formed when the object is a focal length away inverted images are always ____

Answer 44

virtual no real UV NO IR

Question 45

when light enters a medium with higher index of refraction, it bends where and what about when it enters a medum wth lower index of refraction?

Answer 45

towards the normal away from the normal

Question 46

total internal reflection occurs as. the light moves from a medium with a ______ refractive index to a medium with a ____ one

Answer 46

higher lower

Question 47

ray parallel to axis -refracts where ray through or towards focal point before reaching lens ray to center of lens

Answer 47

through focal point of front face of lens parallel to axis continues straight through with no refraction

Question 48

spherical aberration

Answer 48

blurring of the periphery of an image as a result of inadequate reflection of parallel beams at the edge of a mirror or inadequate refraction of parallel beams at the edge of a lens

Question 49

chromatic aberration

Answer 49

dispersive effect within a spherical lens

Question 50

alpha particles do not have any _____, so they carry a charge of ___

Answer 50

e- +2

Question 51

what is an alpha particle?

Answer 51

4/2He nucleus that consists of two protons, two neutrons, and zero electrons