behaviourism

Question 1

what does the approach asssume? /4
(eat out all labia)

Answer 1

1. All behaviour learnt from the ENVIRONMENT.
2. focus on OBSERVABLE behaviour
3. ANIMALS and humans learn the same way
4. Ps should be scientific, LAB studies

Question 2

what are the two types of conditioning?

Answer 2

classical and operant

Question 3

what is classical conditioning?

Answer 3

learning through association, demonstrated by Pavlov in 1927

Question 4

what did Pavlov show?

Answer 4

animals could be conditioned to salivate at sound of bell if repeatedly presented at time of giving food

Question 5

what is the unconditioned stimulus? (UCS)

Answer 5

food, stimulus that produces reflex response

Question 6

what is the unconditioned response? (UCR)

Answer 6

salivation, reflex response to UCS

Question 7

what is the neutral stimulus? (NS)

Answer 7

bell, new stimulus presented with the UCS

Question 8

what is the conditioned response? (CR)

Answer 8

salivation at bell, response that is learnt, now occurs when NS is presented.

Question 9

who proposed operant conditioning?

Answer 9

Skinner in 1953

Question 10

what are the three components of operant conditioning?

Answer 10

positive, negative and punishment

Question 11

what is positive reinforcement?

Answer 11

receiving a reward when a certain behaviour is performed

Question 12

what is negative reinforcement?

Answer 12

occurs when performing a certain action stops something unpleasant from occurring.

Question 13

what is punishment?

Answer 13

an unpleasant consequence for behaviour.

Question 14

what was the method of Skinner’s box experiment? +ve reinforcement

Answer 14

hungry rat placed in cage
when lever in cage activated: a food pellet fell in food dispenser, reward of food.

Question 15

what was the method of Skinner’s box experiment? -ve reinforcement

Answer 15

hungry rat placed in cage with uncomfortable current.
lever switches off current
behaviour stops uncomfort

Question 16

what was the method of Skinner’s box experiment? punishment

Answer 16

rat placed in cage, when lever activated an uncomfortable shock occurred, avoids lever.

Question 17

ao3 well-controlled research?

Answer 17

skinner and pavlov both lab studies, controlled environments so no extraneous variables so cause and effect relationship established so scientific credibility.

Question 18

counterpoint for well-controlled research + comparison to cognitive?

Answer 18

oversimplified learning process, reductionist as doesn’t consider mental processes. cognitive considers both

Question 19

ao3 real-world application?

Answer 19

strength, token economy in institutions, prisoners rewarded for positive behaviour so +ve reinforcement. increases value

Question 20

ao3 real-world application counterpoint?

Answer 20

hard to generalise animal behaviours to humans, humans more complex.

Question 21

ao3 environmental determinism?

Answer 21

all behaviour due to conditioning experiences, ignores influence of free will and mental processes, unlike cognitive approach.

Question 22

ao3 ethical issues?

Answer 22

harm to animals due to shocks given in skinners study and uncomfortable tubes inserted in dogs mouth to measure saliva.