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CHIP > Behaviourisms and the Cognitive Revolution > Flashcards

Behaviourisms and the Cognitive Revolution Flashcards

1
Q

british associationism

people

A
  • locke
  • hartley
  • bain
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2
Q

locke

british associationism

A
  • we form more complex abstractions from simpler thoughts
  • philosophical basis for behaviourism grounded in empiricist psych
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3
Q

hartley

british associationism

A
  • neurophysiological ToM
  • body & mind function in concert
  • materialist - no separate mental matter
  • first to propose physiological associationist model of the mind
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4
Q

physiological associationist model of the mind

hartley

A
  • nerves “vibrate”
  • changes in vibration transmit to other nerves
  • –> action

nerves are so connected

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5
Q

bain

british associationist

A
  • psychophysical parallelism
  • hedonism
  • voluntarism
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6
Q

psychophysical parallelism

bain

A

mind and body occur together without causal relationship

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7
Q

hedonism

bain

A

pleasurable associations more likely to be repeated than unpleasant ones

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8
Q

voluntarism

bain

A

importance of voluntary action in understanding experience and learning

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9
Q

thorndike

A
  • functionalist, set the stage for behaviourism with work on cats
  • laws of exercise and disuse
  • law of effect
  • form basis of operant conditioning

BUT on their own, dont work so well - example of gambling

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10
Q

laws of exercise and disuse

thorndike

A
  • more often an association is used, the stronger the connection
  • less often it is used, weaker the connection
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11
Q

law of effect

A

if action is followed by a “satisfying state of affairs”, the organism is more likely to repeat it

less likely if it doesnt

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12
Q

3 separate philosophical claims

behaviourism

A
  • methodological behaviourism
  • psychological behaviourism
  • philosophical or logical behaviourism

radical behaviourism adopts all 3

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13
Q

methodological behaviourism

philosophical claim

A

psychologists must study beh

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14
Q

psychological behaviourism

philosophical claims

A

psych should be the study of beh

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15
Q

philosophical or logical behaviourism

philosophical claims

A

language about mental states and terms is just behavioural dispositions

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16
Q

objectives of behaviourism

A
  • adjustment and maladjustment (to the environment)
  • phylogenetic continuity (with other animals)
  • determination of beh
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17
Q

types of behaviour

behaviourism as a paradigm

A
  • somatic - hereditary
  • somatic - acquired
  • visceral - acquired

instinctive reactions, habits, emotions

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18
Q

hull: drive theory

A
  • hull moved beyond S-R relationships to look at organismic variables
  • drive reduction theory
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19
Q

organismic variables

hull and drive theory

A
  • reaction potential
  • habit strength
  • drive

drive: extent of need to satisfy bio drive

20
Q

drive reduction theory

hull and drive theory

A

reaction potential = habit strength x drive

21
Q

tolman

cog behaviourism

A
  • maze learning in rats (place learning)
  • develop a cog map
  • latent learning (in absence of reinforcement/punishment
  • expectancy learning - induction
22
Q

S & R accounts of learning

skinner

A
  • S: classical conditioning
  • R: operant conditioning
23
Q

behavioural genetics

A

genes strongly influence beh, it can’t just be learning

conditioning can amplify or inhibit these

24
Q

instinctive drift

Breland & Breland

A
  • conditioning cant entirely overcome certain instinctive patterns
  • certain beh are very difficult to condition
  • not all learning can be explained in Type S or Type R learning
25
Q

behaviourist model

A
  1. stimulus in environment
  2. black box cant be studied
  3. response behaviour
26
Q

cognitive model

A
  1. input in the environment
  2. mediational process (mental event)
  3. output behaviour
27
Q

gestalt psychology

A
  • form of objects
  • rejected: bundle hypothesis; constancy hypothesis
28
Q

bundle hypothesis

A

objects of consciousness made up of fixed, atomic elements

gestalt argue the whole is greater than the sum of its parts

29
Q

constancy hypothesis

A

direct mapping between stimulation and sensation

gestalt argue percept are relationally determined

30
Q

gestalt principles

A
  • law of pragnanz
  • phi and beta
  • similarity, closure, proximity, symmetry, continuity
31
Q

law of pragnanz

gestalt principles

A

we are innately driven to experience things in as orderly, regular, simple fashion as possible

32
Q

phi and beta

gestalt principle

A

apparent motion, our perceptions go beyond the physical ev, doesn’t map onto reality

33
Q

gestalt perspectives

A
  • we see illusory shapes
  • figure ground law
  • top-down processing
34
Q

figure ground law

gestalt perspective

A

depending on the perspective, perceive multiple objects in the same image

35
Q

cog psych & mind

A
  • bartlett - recall errors, schema theory
  • craik - the nature of explanation: mind creates mental models of reality

both emphasise the role of internal representations to organise and model info

36
Q

cog psych & learning

A
  • piaget
  • developmental model, structures more complex with more knowledge
  • reasoning with maturity
  • learning changes as a function of dev

direct challenge to behaviourist model

37
Q

info processing

A
  • turing machine - simple operations can give rise to any complex functions
  • McCulloch & Pitts - showed similar operation of the brain –> dev of cog psych

problem: searle’s chinese room problem

38
Q

searle’s chinese room problem

against turing

A

process != understanding or intentionality

39
Q

concepts for modelling cognition

A
  • weiner - cybernetics
  • shannon - information theory

formed the basis for many ways of conceptualising cog processes that overcame behaviourist critiques

40
Q

cybernetics

weiber - concept of modelling cognition

A
  • maths tools for describing systems of feedback, comm & control
  • -ve feedback mechanisms
  • input, output, feedback
  • info processing & cog models of mind
41
Q

information theory

shannon - concept for modelling cognition

A
  • maths model of comm - info can be measured in terms of uncertainty, binary logic
  • noise, filters, capacity, degradation
42
Q

computational model of the mind

A
  • brain as an info processing device
  • take input from world, process using cognition, guide beh
  • –> computational ToM

computational ToM: harware (brain), software (mind)

43
Q

language & verbal beh

cog revolution

A
  • chomsky (1959)
  • critique skinner’s verbal beh
  • chomsky: critiqued basis of translating from animals –> humans using behaviourist terms (S-R)

skinner: lang aquisition can be explained using OC

44
Q

chomsky’s critique of verbal beh

A
  • flexibility of lang = conditioning little predictive value
  • rule based, combinational system
  • imitation poor basis for lang
  • poverty of stim - some innate contribution
45
Q

chomsky & lang aquisition

impact

A
  • cartesian, rationalist perspective
  • pivotal in cog revolution
  • pushed psych back to looking at mental events e.g. mem
  • cog science at outset became multidisciplinary exercise with linguistics…
46
Q

miller

cog processing

A
  • magic 7
  • chunking
  • varies on factors
  • philosophical implication - concepts from info theory can inform the study of human mind
47
Q

cog revolution problems

A
  • not all behaviourists rejected cog processes
  • behaviourism did change psych
  • behaviourism still exists
  • american centric
  • certain disorders still conceptualised in behaviourist terms

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