BEHAVIOURIST APPROACH Flashcards
(19 cards)
TABULA RASA
- Born with blank slate
- Born with ability to learn
- Behaviour learned through interactions
- Behaviour determined on environment we grew up in/environmental determinism
BEHAVIOUR LEARNT THROUGH CONDITIONING
Classic conditioning learning through conditioning
-Pavlov’s dog UCS(food)
-UCR(salivation)NS+CS(bell)CR(salivation)
Operant conditioning
-Reinforcement = rewarding behaviour
-Punishment = giving consequences
-positive/negative + punishment/reinforcement
HUMANS AND ANIMALS LEARN IN SIMILAUR WAYS
Able to study animals in lab experiments
- Allows us to generalise human behaviour
- We can generalise pavlov’s dogs/skinners dog & harlow’s monkeys
SYSTEMATIC DESENSITISATION-AIM
to extinguish undesirable behaviour fear by replacing it with desirable ones
WHAT IS A PHOBIA
an overwhelming irrational fear of objects ect
WHAT IS RECIPROCAL INHIBITION
two contrasting feeling cannot be exprecined at same time
DESENTIATION HIERACHY- COMPONET
- Individuals taught deep muscle relaxation
- Hierarchy is formed from least to most frightening
- Patient gradually works their way up hierarchy while doing DMR
- After cc takes place they move on to next stage
- Phobia is cured if they can relax on each stage
WHAT IS INVIO/INVITRO
Invivo = Physical/invitro = thinking
WHAT IS COUNTERCOUNDITIONING
conditioned stimulus is associated with something positive
OTHER FORMS OF SD
- Modelling
- Self-administered
- Virtual
EFFECTIVENESS-SD
- SD not good for more generalised fears
- Ancient fears genetically predisposed to fear certain stimulus
- Biological preparedness don’t allow us to fear modern objects
- System substitution - if you remove symptoms cause will remain and resurface in another form
ETHICAL ISSUES-SD
- SD more ethical than flooding
- Clients are empowered as they decide hierarchy
- Valid consent - used for phobias but client must have a sound state of mind
METHODOLOGY-WATSON &RAYNER
Little albert was 9 months at the beginning
Controlled observation not case study or experiment
PROCEDURE-WATSON &RAYNER
- Session 1: albert was 11 months 3 days old when shown white rat and when he reached for the rat the steal bar was struck behind his head
- Session 2: 11 months 10 days he was shown the rat with no sound but was then presented with joint stimulation 5 times
- Session 3: 11 months 15 days joint stimulation was successful so they wanted to generalise it to wooden blocks/dogs/fur coat & wool
- Session 4: 11 months 20 days albert’s emotional responses was freshened using joint stimulation and was then placed on a large table with 4 people
FINDINGS-WATSON &RAYNER
Emotional test: Albert was pragmatic
When the rat was later presented alone, Albert whimpered. The rat was paired with the noise again 2 more times. When the rat was presented alone another time, Albert cried. This suggests that the NS is now a Conditioned Stimulus (CS) and Albert’s crying is a Conditioned Response (CR).Over the next 10 days, Watson & Rayner tested Albert’s reaction to the rat and to other white, furry animals and objects like a rabbit,This is generalisation of response.They tested Albert again a month later and found the same reactions, though slightly weaker.they intended to use CC but litle albert was removed from study
CONCLUSIONS-WATSON &RAYNER
Ease
-Took 7 joint stimulations to bring complete reaction
-If sound was at a greater intensity number of joint stimulation may be reduced
Generalisation
-Watsons said emotional transfers do take place where fear is transferred to similar objects
Phobias
-Phobias acquired through classical conditioning, early conditioning on found in people who are constitutionally inferior
Freudian position
-Albert displayed ego defence mechanisms like sucking thumbs/ displacement of fear ro mother only possible due to classical conditioning he was exposed to
CONCLUSIONS-WATSON &RAYNER
Ease
-Took 7 joint stimulations to bring complete reaction
-If sound was at a greater intensity number of joint stimulation may be reduced
Generalisation
-Watsons said emotional transfers do take place where fear is transferred to similar objects
Phobias
-Phobias acquired through classical conditioning, early conditioning on found in people who are constitutionally inferior
Freudian position
-Albert displayed ego defence mechanisms like sucking thumbs/ displacement of fear ro mother only possible due to classical conditioning he was exposed to
EVALUATION-METHODOLOGY & PROCEDURES
\+Support blanks states \+Highly controlled (lights switched off) \+Videos are scientific -Consistency -Psychological harm -Parental consent
EVALUATION-FINDINGS & CONCLUSIONS
+Mowner introduced two process theory
+Classic conditioning obtain phobia
+Operant is used to maintain phobia
-Cc may explain phobias but cc is sometimes forgotten
-Even if a traumatic experience takes place it guarantees developing phobias
-Biological preparedness allows us to fear certain stimulus
+Accent fears cause us to fear rats
Psychological harm
-Lack of debrief
-Was removed from study suddenly by mother
