COGNITIVE APPROACH Flashcards
(23 cards)
COMPUTER ANALOGY
- Compares human mind to computer
- How we input, store,process and recall information
- During process stage mind uses cognitive processes e.g perception
- Atkinson & shiffrins multi store mode
INTERNAL MENTAL PROCESSES
- Various internal mental processes work together to allow us to make sense of the world
- Perception way mind interprets incoming stimuli
- Attention way mind takes notice of things
- Memory way mind stores/recalls information
- Language way the mind interprets incoming stimuli
SCHEMATAS
- Organised packets of information which help us navigate the world
- Derived from past experiences, mostly put together through social exchanges
- Halo effect associations characteristics with certain people
- The matching hypothesis self schemas help with romantic relationships
CBT-AIM
to challenge negative thoughts/replace with constructive positive thinking for healthy behaviour
COGNITIVE TRIAD-COMPONET
- Help identify & expand the issue
- Depressed individuals have negative triad, pessimistic view on themself/world and future
- Need to challenge patients negative triad
DYSFUNCTIONAL THOUGHT DIARY
Asked to keep a diary leading up to negative events includes
- Automatic negative negative response
- Rational response
- Rerated belief
THERAPHY DURING THERAPHY
- Client works with therapist to identify/change negative thinking patterns
- Client taught how to challenge dysfunctional automatic thoughts outside therapy by asking 2 questions
- Where is the evidence for X?
- What is the worst that can happen if X is true?
THERAPHY DURING THERAPHY
- Client works with therapist to identify/change negative thinking patterns
- Client taught how to challenge dysfunctional automatic thoughts outside therapy by asking 2 questions
- Where is the evidence for X?
- What is the worst that can happen if X is true?
PLEASANT ACTIVITY SCHEDULING
- Client asked to do one activity per day
- Aim to give client sense of accomplishment, provides distraction from negative thoughts
- Form of behavioural activation
EFFECTIVENESS-CBT
+Jarret et al found CBT is just as effective as antidepressants,When treating 108 participants over a 10 week period, CBT reduces overdependence
-Hollo found no difference, When treating 107 participants over a 10 week period, Antidepressants more cost/time effective
ETHICAL ISSUES-CBT
Patient blame
-Other factors are overlooked
-Can cause psychological harm
+Empowers client
What is rational
-What patient make think is rational behaviour the therapist may think it is not
-Alloy said depressive realist see things for what they are while normal people distort them into positive things
METHODOLOGY 1
- 45 american students
- Laboratory experiment
- Independent groups (5 groups of 9)
- IV = wording of question,DV = speed estimates given in mph
METHODOLOGY 2
- 150 participants
- Laboratory experiment
- Independent groups (3 groups of 50)
- IV=question asked, DV whether they say broken glass 1 week after study
PROCEDURE 1
- Participants watched 7 films of traffic accidents 5-30 seconds long
- After each film participants given questionnaire and asked to give account of what they had seen
- Second part of questionnaire contained the critical question
- Critical question was about speed of cars
- How fast were car going when the ‘hit/smashed/bumped/contacted/collide’ each other
PROCEDURE 2
- Participants watched 7 films of traffic accidents 5-30 seconds long
- After each film participants given questionnaire and asked to give account of what they had seen
- Second part of questionnaire contained the critical question
- Critical question was about speed of cars
- How fast were car going when the ‘hit/smashed/control had no question’
- One week after they were asked if they had seen any broken glass
FINDINGS 1
smashed=40.8 MPH collided=39.3 MPH bumped=38.1 MPH hit=34.0 MPH contacted=31.8 MPH
FINDINGS 2
smashed=16/YES,34/NO
hit=7/YES,43/NO
control=6/YES,44/NO
OVERALL CONCLUSION
- Response bias factors - different speed estimates occured cause speed estimate influences their decisions
- Altered memory - critical word pollutes memory so perception of accident is affected
- Gleaned during perception - what the individuals experienced
- External information - leading questions may contaminate memory creating new recollections
OVERALL CONCLUSION
- Response bias factors - different speed estimates occured cause speed estimate influences their decisions
- Altered memory - critical word pollutes memory so perception of accident is affected
- Gleaned during perception - what the individuals experienced
- External information - leading questions may contaminate memory creating new recollections
EVALUATION-METHODOLOGY
+Highly controlled - extraneous variables controlled to detect if IV was having a direct influence on DV
+Decreases order effect due to the 5 conditions and independent groups
-Artificial environment lacks ecological validity when applying findings to real world
-Potential individual differences
+195 participants makes for a more accurate generalisation
EVALUATION-PROCEDURE
- University setting students are alert as they are in an educational institute and affects ecological validity
- Video does not initiate biological responses which may affect accuracy of recall
- Participants aware they are in a study so they may exhibit demand characteristics
EVALUATION-FINDINGS & CONCLUSIONS
- Foster found that if participants thought they were watching a real life robbery , identification of robbery was more accurate
- Yuille & cutshall found witnesses of armed robbery in canada gave accurate depictions 4 months later even with 2 misleading questions
EVALUATION-ETHICAL ISSUES/SOCIAL IMPLICATIONS
- No informed consent participants must be aware of study risk of demand characteristics
- Deception was mild and necessary for more valid/accurate results
- Psychological harm was mild as the individuals are not directly associated with the accident
