BELIEFS Flashcards
(120 cards)
1
Q
What is the substantive view of religion?
A
Weber - belief in a higher power, that is not explained through science
2
Q
What is the functional way of religion?
A
Durkheim - social and physcological functions. Beliefs, rityals nad moral commitments. ie, football.
3
Q
What is the social constructivist definition of religion?
A
Social and cultural factors
Aldrige - scientology
4
Q
What did Durkheim discover about religion through totenism
A
1) Tribal societies
2) reminded them of how insignificant they wree to larger society/plans
3) Value consensus ensured
4) Social integration
5) collective consensus
5
Q
What are durkheims two ways to categorise items in religion?
A
Scared - transcends ordinary sense of fervour
Profane - mundane
6
Q
Malinowski’s view of religion
A
Psychological comfort - trobriand islanders
7
Q
What is parsons view of religion
A
gives meaning
Mechanism of adjustment
8
Q
Bellahs view of religion
A
Civil religion
Replaced trad. religion to civic pride and nationalism - symbols, heros and ceremonies.
Seen in america
9
Q
Marx’s view on religion
A
Opium of the peoplee
10
Q
Lenins view on religion
A
Spiritual gin and mystical fog
11
Q
Althussers view of religion
A
Is an ISA to indoctrinate into false class consciousness
12
Q
the three roles religion serves in classic marxism?
A
1) Compensation
2) Social control
3) legitimation of authority
13
Q
Examples of the three roles religion serves in marxism
A
King head of CoE, blessed are the meek, hindu caste system
14
Q
Bloch’s view of religion
A
serves a ‘dual character’
heaven as an inspiration for what earth should be now
15
Q
Gramsci’s view on religion
A
organic intellectuals and counter hegemonic bloc
16
Q
Otto maduro’s view of religion
A
Liberation from misery
17
Q
Examples of liberation theology icons
A
Oscar Romero, Tutu, MLK
18
Q
simone de Beauvoir’s vuew if religion
A
like marxism
deceieves women
compensation in heaven - sexless heaven
divine status of motherhood
sacred texts subdue women
19
Q
Nawal el saadawi
A
developed in patriarchal socieyt, men distorted religiont
20
Q
the examples used by nawal el saadawi to prove distorted reliigon
A
Adam + eve, isis _ osiri
21
Q
sacred texts used as evidence for feminist views on religion
A
women tempt men, bible on rape, male gods, ‘wives submit yourselves onto your husbands as unto the lord’
22
Q
places of worship as evidence for feminist views on religion
A
separate men and women in prayers, the qu’ran adn menstuation, prayer services
23
Q
religious hierarchy as exmaples for women and th religious patriarchy
A
not rabbis, only can be bishops, not ordained as priests
24
Q
religious lawas and patriarchy
A
contraception, male guardianship, F-G-M, arranged marriage
25
responses to feminist views of religion and patriarchy
Libby Lane - anglican bishop and female rabbis
26
Religious feminism
Linda Woodhead
- fight for equality
- religious freedom and respect
27
Examples of religions that are not patriarchal
Sikhism, Quakers
28
Define 'social change'
Change norma nad values which changes culture
29
Three ways to react to social change
1) prevent
2) Cause
3) respond
30
Weber on social change
The protestant ethic and capitalism
Protestantism -> growth in capitalism
Fuck the reformation (Luthor) and CALVINISM
Economic change
31
What is weber's ideal on religious organisations and characteristics
Ideal types
32
What is weber's description of a church?
- large
- inclusive
- bureaucratic
- monopoly of truth
examples: CoE, RCC, Islam
33
What is weber's description of a denomination?
- large
-Inclusive
- no monopoly of truth
- inter-faith dialogue
Examples: baptism, methodism
34
What is weber's description of a sect
- Simmel - small, exclusive
- dogmatic
- charismatic leader
- small dissenting body
examples: amish, quakers, jehovahs witness
35
What is weber's description of a cult?
- small
- individualistic
- mystical
- pragmatic
- Troltsch, Stone + Bainbridge: there are three types of cults. spiritualism, transcendtal meditation
36
Wallis typology
Uniquely legitimate - sole authority
Plurallistically - others worthy
Internal conception - sees itself - respectable
External conception - world sees it - deviant
37
List the four religious organisations as wallis typology
Chuch - UR
denomination - UD
Sect - PR
Cult - PD
38
New religious movements
1960s - after ww2
globalisationa nd secularisation
religous and spiritual groups
39
Who names the three types of NRM's
Ray Wallis
40
Describe world rejecting movemetns
- hostile
- control over members
- clear boundaries
- millenarian beliefs
examples: largely sects, people's temples
41
describe world accomodating movements
- neutral to society
- lost spirtuality -> we need to restore it
- live in world, not of world
examples: sects/denominations, the moonies, the amish
42
describe world affirming movements
- embrace world
- optimistic
- success in mainstream goals
- tolerant
- special knowledge and techniques
examples: cults, scientology, transcedental mediation
43
what are new age movements?
60 + 70's
promotes feel-goodism, pick n mix, nature/spirituality
44
EXAMPLES of NAM's
Findhorn community - 450, holistic, 1962, spirituality
Tarot
Paganism/Wicca
45
The two types of cults
Stark + Bainbridge
Audience cults - solitary
Client cults - client and consultent
46
Kendal project
Heelas + Woodhead
wualitative data
congregational domain
holistic milleu
leads to a spiritual revolutionW
47
Ehat is the abbreviation for why sects have grown
MR MISS
48
Marginalisation - in relation to sects
Weber - theodicy of disprivilege
Conpesnation, community
Example: people's temple
49
Relative Deprivation - in relation to sects
Stark and bainbridge - offers compensators
Spiritually deprived - lack of guidance
socially deprived - lack of community
Example: Tom Cruise and scientology
50
media saturation in relation to sects
due to globalisation
Spiritual shoppers/supermarkers
Bunting - DIY Cocktails
Example: taort and paganism
51
Identity loss and sects
fragmentation in post modern society
create our own identity
Bunting - DIY cocktail
Hervieu0lerger - converts and pilgrims
52
secularisation and sects
Weber - disenchanted from world, loss of spirituality as the world is watered down
Giddens - comfort in NRMs
Bruce - loss of faith in traditional religions, missing somethign
examples: quakers, scientology
53
Social change and sects
Wilson - social change make sects attractive
durkheim - anomie
sects provide solutions
example: 1960s NRMs as a response to social change
54
Niebuhr on sects
- death or denomination
- lack of parent's commitment, plurallistically legitimate and denominations
- leader dies -> bureaucratic leadership
- ideology: millenarian beliefs and social mobility
examples: people's temple and heavens gate
55
Aldrige on sects
- sect qualities remain
- same fervour, therefore successful socialisation by parents into the sect values
- leaders change
- survive past one generation
- same ideologies
examples: the moonies, the amish, jehovah's witnesses
56
Upper class on religiosity
-high church attendance
examples: the tories at prayer, CoE + monarchy, money to participate
57
Middle class and religiosity
- tend to follow W-AF-C/denominations
- self improvement
- denominations are respectful
- relative deprivation
58
working class and religiosity
- religious, tend to be RCC, unlikely to attend
- theodicy of disprivilege
- denomination in poorer countries
- opium of the people
- religion passed through generatiosn
59
children and religiosity
attend but no commitement
leadt media saturation
60
Young adults and religisoity
least religious, they join sects/cults
61
middle age and religiosity
incereases at 30+,
all types of religious organisations
empty-nest syndrome
62
elderly people and religiosity
most, church adn donominations
attendance is low
newar death, deep seated, lifes journey and shitty mobility
63
gender, religiosity in general
women largely more religious, men adn women equal in islam, men are more religious in hinduism
64
the dual burden adn double deprivation
Woodhead
women lack free time
the three spheres, women go to teh third individual sphere of sprituality
'who am i'
join W-AF-C
65
biology and religiosity
risk aversion
due to hormones/genes
stark -higher testosterone, so more thrill seeking
pascals wager
66
sex role theory
parsons
due to socialisation
women ar ecloser to death more often so need meaning
children need faith, mothers give that, guardians of family life
not working, so have times to attend services
67
gender socialisation
Hoffman
traits are different
submissive + obedience vs dominance + power
davie - god is seen differently
68
second class status
simone de beauvoir
compensation and delusion, so women stay opressed
69
Ethnicity and religiosity general
Ethnic minorites more likely to be affiliated, have stronger beliefs and commitment to religion
70
Country of origin and religiosity
other countries are less secular than UK. to keep up with their old country
71
Cultural transition and defence
Bruce
Religion is mobile, to assimilate and keep culture alive and to act as protection
Examples: black-caribbean groups and islamic groups
72
family pressures on ethnic religiosity
children socialised young and expected to maintain
73
List three religions that come from foregin places that are growing in the UK
1) Islam - second largest, 1800+ mmosques, prayer 5 times a day
2) Pentecostalism - evangelical, happy clappu, fast growing, 70k members
3) seventh-day: 25k, 300 churches, second comming of christ and sabbath on saturday
74
What does Modood say about brasians and religiosity?
2n3/3rd gen male brasians less religious
75
What is Wilson's definition of secularisation?
beliefs and practices lose social influence
76
What are 5 causes of secularisation
Science
flobalisation
post-modernism
separation of religion and state
high degree of existential security
77
Weber''s argument for why secularisation is real
Rationalism
Desacrilisation
Disenchantment of the world
Examples: cross as a fashion symbol, sunday trading act 1944
78
Bruce on why secularism is real
technological world view
79
berger on why secularism is real
once under one 'single sacred canopy'.
sects and that have grown, so no meta narrative, no canopy
80
parsons on why secularism is real
structural differentiation
religion disengaged from state
81
Starks belief on why secularism is false
religion never had a 'golden age'
82
stark and bainbridge on why secularism is false
religion is indispensible
gives compensators
exists in a cycle of revival, decline, innvoate and repeat
83
davie on why secularism is false
religion is now privatised
believe without belonging
84
Who argues for the 're-enchantment' of the world?
Lyon
85
Cultural amnesia and religion
Hervi-lerger
86
facts about religion inthe us
mega churches have to have 2.5k people at least, and theres 1.3k of them
televangelism exists
87
Wilson on american religiosity
superficial, 'american way of life'
88
hardway on american religiosity
study in ohio on churchattendance
attendance figures inflated by 83%
social desirability
89
bruce on american religiosity
psychologised, less about god and salvation
secularised within theres practical relativism
and the erosion of absolutism
90
evidence on secularisation from within
cards changed from 72% to 0% in 20 years
drinking changed from 98% to 17%
only christianity is true changed from 94% to 41%
91
secularism in the globe
europe and east asia less religious, africa, south and west asia more religious
92
stark and bainbridge on secularism globally
religious market theory, religious diversity leads to increased religiosity
usa vs europe,
however holland and australia low religiosity and high diversity and ireland low diversity high religiosity
93
norris and inglehart and globalised religion
existential security theory
higher existential secuity, less need for religion. the lower, the more need for religion.
america is unique as it has a poor welfare state that it more unequal and shit so high religiosity
94
An example of cultural defence/transition
iranian revolution and strong islamic laws
95
religious fundamentalism is due to...
cosmopolitanism, science, liberalism and westernisationg
96
giddens says globalisation has done what to religion?
erased traditions
97
examples of religious fundamentalism
9/11, westboro baptism church, lee rigby
98
what is the clash of civilisations?
9 civilisations all together based on similar cultural identities.
1. globalisation happens and we interact
2. misunderstandings - symbolic world view
3. clash due to 1 and 2
4. 'galvanizes' civilisation blocks
99
who talked about the clash of civilisations?
samuel huntington
100
evidence against the calsh of civilisations?
9/11 adn afghanistan had no supoprt from their civilisation block, and then france and germany disagreed with uk and us on the iraq war
101
what does dawkins believe about science?
the truth adn evidence and facts, religion gave explanation that science now does back when the world was underdeveloped
102
what do we have a faith in now?
science
103
cognitive power means?
we can predict, explain and control pattersn of beahviours and the wordl around us
104
the four characteristics of sceince
1) cumulative - evergrowing
2) objective - value-free
3) testable - challengable
4) exmpirical - evidence based
105
who talks about science as an 'opne belief'
merton
106
what has scinece done for society?
progress, suited our needs, gave military support and economic develpoment
107
what are CUDOS norms?
Communism - knowledge shared
universalism - truth is truth
disinterestedness - objectivity
organised scepticism - scrutiny
108
Popper on science
falsification principle
examples: clinical trails, sagety testing and evolution testing
109
horton on science as a system
open vs closed system
110
kuhn and science
paradigm and paradigm shifts
example: flat earth
111
what is an ideolgoy?
deeply held 'world view'
112
what does ideologies do in marxism
ideas of teh dominate class, ISA, RSA, alienates and FCC
113
gramsci and ideologies
DCC and counter hegemonic blocs
114
feminism and ideologies
patriarchy
examples: science and maltilda effect, religion and sacred texts, gender pay gap.
liberal - policy, marxism - capitalism, radical - biology
115
mannheim and idoelogies
cause conflict go to one world view
ideological thought - prevents change
utopian thought - wants change
116
solution to mannheim on ideologies
free floating intellegensia and we synthesis elements for a 'total world view'
117
nationalism as an ideology
own nation supperior, growingda
118
davie on nationalism
secular fundementalism
119
marxism on nationalism
leigitmise bourgeouise, FCC, Wc divided across teh globe
120
functionalism on nationalism
unity, transitions and social change, homogenous culture
