Belovich- Brain and Behavior: Molecular basis of cognition Flashcards
(123 cards)
1
Q
Where is information integrated in a neuron?
A
cell body
2
Q
Output signal is the chemical release of?
A
neurotransmitter
3
Q
Neurons are classified by output/input?
A
output
4
Q
What are the main 2 AA types of neurotransmitters?
A
- Glutamate
- GABA
5
Q
What is the main action of glutamate as a neurotransmitter?
A
excitatory
6
Q
What is the main action of GABA (neurotransmitter)?
A
globally inhibitory
7
Q
What are the 4 main monoamine neurotransmitters?
A
- Dopamine
- Serotonin (5-HT)
- Norepineprhine
- Histamine
8
Q
What are the 5 main types of neurotransmitters?
A
• Amino Acids
• Glutamate • GABA
• Monoamines
• Dopamine • Serotonin (5-HT) • Norepineprhine • Histamine
• Acetylcholine
• Nitric Oxide (gas, diffuses across cell membrane)
• Peptides (enkephalins, endorphins)
9
Q
The majority of neurons signal using acid neurotransmitters
glutamate and GABA
A
amino
10
Q
What are the two main neurotransmitter receptors?
A
11
Q
What neurotransmitter receptor is the fastest?
A
• Ionotropic receptors
• A.K.A ion channels • Rapid intracellular changes (msec - sec)
12
Q
Which neurotransmitter receptor is the main target for pharmacological drugs?
A
• G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs)
• A.K.A. metabotropic receptors • Effects can last tens of seconds to minutes
13
Q
Monoamine receptor agonists and antagonists have both and central effects
A
peripheral
14
Q
Which type of neurotransmitter receptors Contribute to therapeutic, ontarget, and off-target effects of psychotropic drugs?
A
Monoamine
15
Q
Where are muscarinic receptors expressed?
A
ANS and CNS
16
Q
alpha and beta receptors are expressed peripherally and .
A
Centrallly
17
Q
Which monamine neurotransmitter is being described?
A
Histamine
18
Q
Which receptor subtype for Histamine leads to decreased AC and which results in the antagonist to treat sleep disorders, obesity, and dementia
A
H3
19
Q
Which monoamine neurotransmitter is described?
A
norepinephrine
20
Q
What is the result of norepi acting as an agonist and interacting with a2A,B, and C neurotransmitter receptors?
A
sedative and hypertensive, inhib AC
21
Q
What is the proprosed clinical significance of the effect of norepi on the B1 receptor?
A
Regulation of cardiac function, antagonists may be anxiolytic
22
Q
What transmitter type is described below?
A
seratonin
23
Q
What drug in a partial agonist of the 5HT1 receptor and acts as an axiolytic and may have a role in hippocampal neurogenesis
A
Buspirone (serotonergic)
24
Q
5HT2 receptors deal with which transmitter?
A
seratonin
25
What effect do 5HT2A antagonsist have?
antipsychotic effects,
26
What clinical effect do 5HT2A agonists have?
hallucinogens;
27
What 2 main receptors receive dopamine and what are the clinical effects?
28
D1 agonists are used to treat which dz?
Parkinsons
29
D2 antagonsists have what clinical significance?
Antiphsycotic (haloperidol)
30
D3 agonists treat which 2 diseases?
used in Parkinson’s disease, restless legs syndrome (e.g., pramipexole)
31
What type of receptors reside on the cell body or terminal of the presynaptic neuron and Activation results in reduced release and/ or synthesis of neurotransmitter?
autoreceptors
32
Which two autoreceptors have clinical significance?
Serotonin and dopamine autoreceptors have clinical significan
33
What part of a neuron works as a detector of the amount of neurotransmitter in the synapse?
autoreceptor
34
Which 5-HT receptor, if manipulated, is associated with anxiety?
5-HT1a
35
Which 5-HT receptor, if manipulated, is associated with migraines?
5-HT1d
36
Activation of autoreceptors results in i**ncreased/reduced** release and/ or synthesis of neurotransmitter?
reduced
37
Neuropeptides act as transmitters, hormones, or
modulators
38
Axonal transport is required for to reach synaptic bouton from nucleus
neuropeptides
39
Why is Axonal transport required for neuropeptides to reach synaptic bouton from nucleus?
they are synthesized near the cell nucleus
40
Neuropeptides **do/do not** always evoke an action potential
do not
41
In what ways can neuropeptides modulcate the effects of neurotransmitters?
enhance or diminish
42
What are the differences between AA neurotransmitters and neuropeptides?
AA neurotransmitters are synthesized near buton
Neruopeptides are synthesized near cell nucleus, deliver long term signalling= more chronic effects
43
and hormones play an important role in psychiatric conditions and mental health
Neuropeptides
44
What hormone stimulates release of cortisol?
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
45
What hormone is released as a response to physical, mental and emotional stresses (esp. chronic)?
cortisol
46
Hormone levels (growth, thyroid, cortisol, etc.) **can/cannot** be altered in patients with psychiatric symptoms
can be
47
What is the focus of growth hormone in children vs adults?
child- height
adult- muscle density
48
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
Angiotensin
Dynorphin
ß-Endorphin
Enkephalins
Growth hormone
Neuropeptide Y
Orexin
Substance P
are all examples of what?
neuropeptides
49
Studying Monozygotic vs. Dizygotic twins • Controls for shared environment
in utero
50
Twins Raised apart vs. raised together • Controls for factors (parenting style, diet, etc.)
environmental
51
Personality traits are, on average, more strongly correlated with than environment.
genetics
52
Monozygotic twins raised apart still show behavioral similarities. T or F
True
53
Some psychiatric conditions are linked to a chromosome
• Most behaviors are composed of complex genetic and (likely) interactions
epigenetic
54
Behaviors **rarely/often** affected by a single mutation.
rarely
55
psychiatric illness Symptomatic individuals usually have disruptions in gene networks or functions including:
Cell-to-cell signaling, neuronal differentiation, neuronal migration, organization of cortex, etc.
56
Genetic risk factors can lend susceptibility to developing phenotypes based on and
environment, experience
57
can host mutations, but are not exposed to environmental triggers
Carriers
58
Early experiences and developmental environment **can/cannot** influence the effects of genetic factors
can
59
What is the effect threshold as concerning pathopsychiatric symptoms?
pass the threshold = loss of function = symptoms
60
Neural development is influenced by both and environment
genetics
61
The developing brain is susceptible to environmental and cues- the number of synapses and where they grow from
epigenetic
62
Epigenetics **can/cannot** be carried over to the next generation
can
63
Purkinje neuron cells are specific to the
cerebellum
64
Pyramidal cells are associated with the
hippocampus
65
What 6 main characteristics and mechanisms are involved with the development and growth of individual neurons?
* **Genetic identity** of the cell type (determines what cell looks like)
* **Neuronal migration** to appropriate cortical region
**• Neuronal Growth Factors** that determine cell survival
**• Functional activity** from other neurons = **“Neurons that fire together wire together”**
• Dendritic **arborization** and
**synaptic pruning**
66
Neuronal migration to cortical layers is encoded
genetically
67
Neurons use cells as migratory scaffolds
radial glial
68
How many neuronal layers in the mature cerebral cortex?
6
69
Evidence of patches of disrupted cortical layers in post-mortem patients with Disorder
Autism Spectrum
70
What two glial cells support and insulate neuronal axons in the CNS and PNS?
Oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells
71
Astrocytes support neurons in four ways:
* Insulating groups and synaptic connections
* Regulation of K+ concentration in the space between neurons
* Reuptake of neurotransmitters from synaptic zones after release
* Release of growth factors to surrounding neurons
72
Which hypothesis is being described below?
While growing, neurons extend axons to target cells that secrete low levels of neurotrophic factors (NTFs) =transported back to the neuronal cell body to indicate everything is good
Neurons in proximity to a source of NTFs survive and may grow new synapses
* Neurons that fail to receive adequate amounts of neurotrophic factor undergo apoptosis
* Astrocytes release neurotrophic factors to support neuronal survival
Neurotrophic Factor Hypothesis and Development
73
What are neurotrophins?
growth factors
74
What are the 3 major neurotrophins?
Nerve Growth Factor (NGF)
* Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)
* Neurotrophin-3 (NT-3)
75
Neurotrophins interact with what kind of transmembrane receptor?
tyrosine kinase receptor (Trk receptors)
76
Neurotrophin binding induces and phosphorylation of Trk receptors
dimerization
77
Identity of the protein mediates either neuronal differentiation (pyramidal or purkinje) or survival
adaptor
78
promote neuronal survival by inhibiting apoptosis
Neurotrophins
79
What are the extrinsic death signals that can trigger neuronal death ?
Extrinsic death signals: tumor-necrosis factor (TNF)
80
Which of the major 3 neutrophins is associated with depression?
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)
81
What are some intrinsic factors that could trigger neuronal cell death?
stress induced signals; DNA damage
82
What proteins are activated when extrinsic or intrinsic factors signal neuronal cell death?
caspases -cleaves DNA = cell death
83
Activation of receptors, activated by neutrophins, inhibits caspase pathway via PI3 kinase/Akt signaling
Trk
84
What is the result of insufficient neurotrophins in developing neurons?
leads to apoptosis
85
What cell mediates the pruning of branches and spines of neurons (mature dendrite arborization)?
glial cells
86
• Synaptic increases after birth
density
87
Synaptic pruning occurs during
adolescence
88
What plays a significant role in determining synaptic survival?
Activity
89
Neurogenesis continues on into what decade?
40s
90
Schizophrenia has been postulated to be associated with excessive synaptic
pruning
91
What may be responsible for increased synaptic pruning in cases of Schizophrenia?
abnormalities in microglia
92
What drug has been observed to reduce pruning in patient-derived cell models and can alleviate ?
Minocycline
93
What disorder, other than schizophrenia, may have deficiencies in synaptic pruning?
Autism spectrum disorder
94
* As the brain develops, circuits stabilize during critical periods
* Sensory pathways
* Other cognitive functions
Language
95
_What_ cues control initial specificity of neuronal migration?
Molecular
96
Once the circuit begins to function, specificity is sharpened through neural
activity
97
Social deprivation in early childhood is correlated with **inreased/decreased** incidence of cognitive impairment.
increased
98
What brain structure can be thin and poorly organized in a socially deprived child ?
Uncinate fasciculus: a structure linked to episodic memory, language, and social/ emotional processing
NOTE: left is healthy, right is not
99
What brain structure is linked to episodic memory, language, and social/ emotional processing?
Uncinate fasciculus
100
Some critical periods of development **can/cannot** be reopened later in life through altered experiences
can
Psychotherapy can help individuals relearn thought patterns, address traumatic experiences, etc.
101
The Internal Representation of Personal Space **Can/ cannot** Be Modified by Experience
can
102
Both brain volume and synaptic density **increase/decrease** with age
decrease
103
Decreased brain correlates with cognitive decline (Alzheimer disease)
volume
104
Density of cortical synapses declines with age but **does/does not** necessarily result in reverse of function
does not
105
Adult neurogenesis does occur, and is essential in the formation of?
memory
106
Long-term can result in growth of new synapses
potentiation
107
Long-term potentiation in the is essential for memory formation
hippocampus
108
Hyperstimulation of the presynaptic neuron causes changes in neuron receptor density
Greater number of receptors increases signal sensitivity
LTP induces development on dendrites
postsynaptic
AMPA
spine
109
What is the neurotrophic hypothesis of depressed states?
Adult neurogenesis is decreased in depressed states
• Successful treatment restores neurotransmitter activity and BDNF release
110
Enriched environment and physical exercise neurogenesis in the hippocampus
• Possible reason why exercise is helpful under stress or in depressive states
stimulate
111
cells are the most common type of neuron in the mammalian nervous system
Multipolar
112
Pyramidal cells are found in the and cerebral cortex
hippocampus
113
Concerning sensory perception, motor control, and some cognitive functions
* Relay neurons have myelinated, **short/long** projecting axons
* Local circuit neurons (interneurons) have axons that
long
arborize
114
What are the predominant neurotransmitters in the brain?
Glutamate and GABA
115
Glycine is used in spinal cord as an neurotransmitter
inhibitory
116
What distinct cell body are structure is where dopamine originates?
Dopamine - Ventral Tegmental Area, Substantia Nigra
117
What distinct cell body structures (nuclei) is where norepinephrine originate?
Locus coeruleus
118
What distinct cell body structure/es (nuclei) is where seratonin originate?
Serotonin - Raphe nuclei
119
What distinct cell body structure/es (nuclei) is where acetylcholine originate?
Acetylcholine - Nucleus Basalis of Meynert
120
(wakefulness) and (hunger) are also significant diffuse neurotransmitter pathways in the brain system
Histamine
orexin
121
Diffuse NT pathways modulate function of the hierarchical systems which regulati the functions.
global
122
Receptor activity can mediate action potential (**short/long** term) and gene expression (**short/long** term).
short term
long term
123
