Eric Silk- Learning disabilities

Question 1

What mandates the provision of a free and appropriate public school education for students with a disability that adversely affects academic performance that are in need of special education and related services.?

Answer 1

Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA)

Question 2

What s a legal document for children who need special education services?

Answer 2

Individualized Education Program (IEP)

Question 3

What is the guide for how a student will receive academic accommodations?

Answer 3

504 plan

Question 4

How many students between the agest of 3-21 received special educaiton services under the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA)?

Answer 4

14%

Question 5

Among students receiving special education services, percent had specific learning disabilities.”

Answer 5

33

Question 6

Specific disability means a disorder in one or more of the basic psychological processes involved in understanding or in using language, spoken or written, that may manifest itself in the imperfect ability to listen, think, speak, read, write, spell, or to do mathematical calculations, including conditions such as perceptual disabilities, brain injury, minimal brain dysfunction, dyslexia, and developmental aphasia.

Answer 6

learning

Question 7

What is a disorder in one or more of the basic psychological processes involved in understanding or in using language, spoken or written, that may manifest itself in the imperfect ability to listen, think, speak, read, write, spell, or to do mathematical calculations

Answer 7

specific learning disability

Question 8

What are the 5 conditions that can be included in specific learning disability?

Answer 8

perceptual disabilities,

brain injury,

minimal brain dysfunction,

dyslexia, and

developmental aphasia.

Question 9

What are the disorders not included under the umbrella of specific learning disability?

Answer 9

visual, hearing, or motor disabilities, of intellectual disability, of emotional disturbance, or of environmental, cultural, or economic disadvantage.

Question 10

What are the 7 learning disability categories of the LDA?

Answer 10

● Auditory Processing Disorder

● Dyscalculia (difficulty with math, calculations)

● Dysgraphia (difficulty with writing)

● Dyslexia (difficulty with reading)

● Language Processing Disorder

● Nonverbal Learning Disabilities

● Visual Perceptual/Visual Motor Deficit

Question 11

Learning disabilities are learning problems that occur in the absence/prescence of other obvious conditions.

Answer 11

absence

Question 12

What 2 items replaced “learning disability” in the DSM 5?

Answer 12

communication disorders

specific learning disorders

Question 13

Communication disorders and specific learning disorders affect how individuals of at least intelligence take in, retain, or express information.

Answer 13

normal

Question 14

What are the 6 neurodevelopmental disorders listed in the DSM-5?

Answer 14

Intellectual Disabilities

Communication Disorders

Autism Spectrum Disorder

Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

Motor Disorders

Specific Learning Disorder

Question 15

Intellectual Disability (Intellectual Developmental Disorder)

Global Developmental Delay

Unspecified Intellectual Disability (Intellectual Developmental Disorder)

all fall under which category of neurodevelopmental disorders?

Answer 15

Intellectual disabilities

Question 16

What are some examples of intellectual disability (Intellectual Developmental Disorder)?

Answer 16

FAS
Down’s

Fragile X

Question 17

What is global developmental delay under the neurodevelopmental disorder category intellecual disabilities?

Answer 17

delay in developmental mile stones

Question 18

In which category of intellectual disabilities will disorders a clinician doesn’t have enough info for or doesn’t want to specify the specific cause?

Answer 18

Unspecified Intellectual Disability (Intellectual Developmental Disorder)

Question 19

Speech Sound Disorder - formerly known as Phonological Disorder, difficulties in productive speech.

Childhood-Onset Fluency Disorder (Stuttering) - disturbance in the normal flow and time patterns of speech.

Social (Pragmatic) Communication Disorder - problems using verbal and nonverbal communication for social purposes.

Unspecified Communication Disorder

Are all examples of what category of neurodevelopmental disorders in DSM 5?

Answer 19

communication disorders

Question 20

What communication disorder is formerly known as Phonological Disorder, difficulties in productive speech?

Answer 20

Speech Sound Disorder

Question 21

What communication disorder is - disturbance in the normal flow and time patterns of speech.?

Answer 21

Childhood-Onset Fluency Disorder (Stuttering)

Question 22

What communicattion disorder consists of - problems using verbal and nonverbal communication for social purposes?

Answer 22

Social (Pragmatic) Communication Disorder

Question 23

Which neurodevelopmental disorder is Characterized by impairment in social communication and interaction (social skills) and restricted, repetitive patterns of behavior, interests, or activities?

***May or may not have language and/or intellectual impairment.***

Answer 23

ASD

Question 24

What are the support levels for autism spectrum disorder?

Answer 24

Level 1 “Requiring Support”

Level 2 “Requiring Substantial Support”

Level 3 “Requiring Very Substantial Support

Question 25

What are the 3 main categories of the neurodevelopmental disorder Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder?

Answer 25

**Predominantly Inattentive Presentation** **Predominantly Hyperactive/Impulsive Presentation** **Combined Presentation** Other Specified Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Unspecified Attention-Deficit/ Hyperactivity Disorder

Question 26

What are the severity levels of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder?

Answer 26

Mild, Moderate, Severe

Question 27

What are the 5 categories of motor disorders under neurodevelopmental disorders?

Answer 27

Developmental Coordination Disorder - delay in motor skills or difficulty coordinating movements. Stereotypic Movement Disorder - repetitive, purposeless movements. Tic Disorders - Tourette’s disorder, Persistent (Chronic) Motor or Vocal Tic Disorder. Other Specified Tic Disorder Unspecified Tic Disorder

Question 28

What developmental disorder is the delay in motor skills or difficulty coordinating movements.?

Answer 28

Developmental Coordination Disorder

Question 29

What motor disorder is described as repetitive, purposeless movements?

Answer 29

Stereotypic Movement Disorder

Question 30

Tourette’s disorder, Persistent (Chronic) Motor or Vocal Tic Disorder are all under which category of motor disorders?

Answer 30

Tic disorders

Question 31

Which neurodevelopmental disorder includes impairment in **reading, mathematics, and/or writing.**

Answer 31

specific learning disorder

Question 32

Under the specific learning disorder category, the different learning disorders and build on the same brain functions. A person **can/cannot** have more than one form of learning disorder.

Answer 32

overlap can

Question 33

“The biological origin includes an interaction of genetic, epigenetic, and factors, which affect the brain’s ability to perceive or process verbal or nonverbal information efficiently and accurately.”

Answer 33

environmental

Question 34

What are 3 important risk factors for specific learning disorders?

Answer 34

prematurity low birth weight prenatal exposure to nicotine

Question 35

Specific learning disorder appears to aggregate in , particularly when affecting reading, mathematics, and spelling - times higher in first-degree relatives with LD

Answer 35

families 4 to 10

Question 36

The prevalence of specific learning disorder across the academic domains of reading, writing, and mathematics is among school-age children across different languages and cultures

Answer 36

5%–15%

Question 37

What is the prevalence of specific learning disorders in adults?

Answer 37

4%

Question 38

Specific learning disorder is more common in **males/females?**

Answer 38

**males** at a ratio of 2:1 to 3:1

Question 39

Specific learning disorder **commonly/uncommonly** co-occurs with neurodevelopmental disorders (ADHD, communication disorders, developmental coordination disorder, autistic spectrum disorder) or other mental disorders (anxiety disorders, depressive and bipolar disorders).

Answer 39

commonly

Question 40

Which comorbidity is present with those diagnosed with a specific learning disorder about 50% of the time?

Answer 40

ADHD

Question 41

Other than ADHD, what are some other neurodevelopmental disorder comorbidities with specific learning disorders?

Answer 41

communication disorders, developmental coordination disorder, autistic spectrum disorder

Question 42

What are 3 mental disorders that can co-occur with specific learning disorders?

Answer 42

anxiety disorders, depressive and bipolar disorders

Question 43

Specific Learning Disorder Diagnosisis determined by **achievement test results** that are than would be expected for one’s age, schooling, and intellectual ability.

Answer 43

lower

Question 44

What discrepancy of standard deviations between the IQ findings and the actual achievement test findings in a child indicate a specific learning disorder?

Answer 44

more than two standard deviations (sometimes 1.5 SD)

Question 45

Who was the first to develop IQ tests?

Answer 45

Binet

Question 46

What does an IQ test compare?

Answer 46

mental age vs normative age (how well others do that are the same age)

Question 47

What are Sternberg's 3 types of intelligence?

Answer 47

**practical** intelligence, **creative** intelligence, **analytical** intelligence

Question 48

What are Gardner's 8 intelligences?

Answer 48

● Musical-rhythmic and harmonic ● Visual-spatial ● Verbal-linguistic ● Logical-mathematical ● Bodily-kinesthetic ● Interpersonal ● Intrapersonal ● Naturalistic

Question 49

Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) - IV version is current Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC) - V version is current Stanford–Binet Intelligence Scales - SB5 is current Tests generate a Full Scale IQ (FSIQ, formerly IQ) are all examples of ?

Answer 49

IQ tests

Question 50

What are the 4 IQ tests and which one is not as common?

Answer 50

**Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale** (WAIS) - IV version is current **Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children** (WISC) - V version is current **Stanford–Binet Intelligence Scales** - SB5 is current Tests generate a **Full Scale IQ** (FSIQ, formerly IQ)

Question 51

Review the WISC-V Index scors and subtests

Answer 51

Question 52

This is an example of what under fluid reasoning?

Answer 52

figure weights

Question 53

This is an example of what under fluid reasoning of the WISC-V IQ test?

Answer 53

matrix reasoning

Question 54

What are the 7 Weschsler Range Descriptors and corresponging number values?

Answer 54

Question 55

IQ testing evaluates: Overall evaluation. Diagnosis of learning . Determination of . Prediction of academic achievement. Diagnosis of neurological and disorders. Evaluation of the potential of

Answer 55

cognitive disabilities giftedness future psychiatric employees.

Question 56

What is the major concern of IQ tests?

Answer 56

\*\*\*Major concerns regarding cultural bias\*\*\*

Question 57

What kind of testing is Norm-referenced standardized test intended to measure an individual’s current level of skill or knowledge in a given subject.?

Answer 57

Acheivement testing

Question 58

What is the distinction between intelligence tests and achievement tests?

Answer 58

**achievement tests emphasize ability** acquired through formal learning or training, whereas **intelligence tests** (aptitude tests) emphasize innate potential.

Question 59

Wechsler Individual Achievement Test (WIAT) Kaufman Test of Educational Achievement (KTEA) Woodcock-Johnson Tests of Achievement (WJ) Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT-R) Wide Range Achievement Test, 5th Ed. (WRAT-5) are all examplet of :

Answer 59

acheivement tests

Question 60

The Bell curve allows what 2 comparisons within an individual?

Answer 60

**General Learning** Versus **Specific Learning**

Question 61

How can specific learning deficits be diagnosed?

Answer 61

compare innate ability (IQ) with there achievement in specific areas diagnosed when there are specific deficits in an individual’s ability to **perceive or process information efficiently and accurately**

Question 62

What type of data is used in IQ and achievement tests?

Answer 62

objective data

Question 63

“These individuals may be able to sustain apparently adequate academic functioning by using strategies, extraordinarily high effort, or support, until the learning demands or assessment procedures (e.g., timed tests) pose barriers to their demonstrating their learning or accomplishing required tasks” (National Joint Commission on Learning Disabilities, 2011)

Answer 63

compensatory

Question 64

What are the 8 areas of Specific Learning Disability according to the Individuals with Disabilities Education Improvement Act (IDEIA)?

Answer 64

● Basic Reading Skills (BRS) ● Reading Comprehension (RC) ● Reading Fluency (RF) ● Math Calculation (MC) ● Math Problem Solving (MPS) ● Written Expression (WE) ● Oral Expression (OE) ● Listening Comprehension (LC)

Question 65

Which 2 of the 8 specific areas of specific learning disability of the IDEIA are more communication based?

Answer 65

● Oral Expression (OE) ● Listening Comprehension (LC)

Question 66

What is - difficulty with reading?

Answer 66

dyslexia People with dyslexia have difficulty connecting letters they see on a page with the sounds they make. As a result, reading becomes a slow, effortful and not a fluent process for them.Common misconception that all children with dyslexia only write letters backwards or if a child writes letters backwards they have dyslexia.

Question 67

What is difficulties with putting one’s thoughts into written language. Difficulties with spelling, grammar, punctuation, and handwriting?

Answer 67

dysgraphia

Question 68

What is- difficulties learning number related concepts or using the symbols and functions to perform math. Problems with math can include difficulties with number sense, memorizing math facts, math calculations, math reasoning, or math problem solving.

Answer 68

dyscalculia

Question 69

How many of the following symptoms and for how long must they be present in order to have a diagnosis of specific learning disorder? ○ Inaccurate or slow and effortful word reading (e.g., reads single words aloud incorrectly or slowly and hesitantly, frequently guesses words, has difficulty sounding out words). ○ Difficulty understanding the meaning of what is read (e.g., may read text accurately but not understand the sequence, relationships, inferences, or deeper meanings of what is read). ○ Difficulties with spelling (e.g., may add, omit, or substitute vowels or consonants). ○ Difficulties with written expression (e.g., makes multiple grammatical or punctuation errors within sentences; employs poor paragraph organization; written expression of ideas lacks clarity). ○ Difficulties mastering number sense, number facts, or calculation (e.g., has poor understanding of numbers, their magnitude, and relationships; counts on fingers to add single-digit numbers instead of recalling the math fact as peers do; gets lost in the midst of arithmetic computation and may switch procedures). ○ Difficulties with mathematical reasoning (e.g., has severe difficulty applying mathematical concepts, facts, or procedures to solve quantitative problems).

Answer 69

Difficulties learning and using academic skills, as indicated by the presence of at least **one** of the following symptoms that have **persisted for at least 6 months**

Question 70

As concerning specific learning disabilities The affected academic skills are substantially and quantifiably those expected for the individual’s chronological , and cause **significant/minor** interference with academic or occupational performance, or with activities of daily living, as confirmed by individually administered standardized achievement measures and comprehensive clinical assessment.

Answer 70

below age significant

Question 71

For individuals age 17 years and older, a documented of impairing learning difficulties may be substituted for the standardized assessment.

Answer 71

history

Question 72

As concerning specific learning disabilities: The learning difficulties begin during -age years but may not become fully manifest until the demands for those affected academic skills the individual’s limited capacities (e.g., as in timed tests, reading or writing lengthy complex reports for a tight deadline, excessively heavy academic loads).

Answer 72

school exceed

Question 73

As concerning specific learning disabilities: . The learning difficulties are not better accounted for by disabilities, uncorrected visual or auditory acuity, other mental or neurological disorders, adversity, lack of proficiency in the language of instruction, or inadequate educational instruction.

Answer 73

intellectual psychosocial academic

Question 74

How many diagnostic criteria for specific learning disabilities?

Answer 74

4

Question 75

Specific learning disabilities can include impairments with reading, written expression, and mathematics....... Which category is being described: ○ Word reading accuracy ○ Reading rate or fluency ○ Reading comprehension ○ Note: **Dyslexia is an alternative term** used to refer to a pattern of learning difficulties characterized by problems with accurate or fluent word recognition, poor decoding, and poor spelling abilities. If dyslexia is used to specify this particular pattern of difficulties, it is important also to specify any additional difficulties that are present, such as difficulties with reading comprehension or math reasoning.

Answer 75

315.00 (F81.0) With impairment in reading:

Question 76

What is an alternative term used to refer to a pattern of learning difficulties characterized by problems with accurate or fluent word recognition, poor decoding, and poor spelling abilities.

Answer 76

dyslexia

Question 77

Specific learning disabilities can include impairments with reading, written expression, and mathematics....... Which category is being described: ○ Spelling accuracy ○ Grammar and punctuation accuracy ○ Clarity or organization of written expression

Answer 77

315.2 (F81.81) With impairment in written expression:

Question 78

Specific learning disabilities can include impairments with reading, written expression, and mathematics....... Which category is being described:

Answer 78

○ Number sense ○ Memorization of arithmetic facts ○ Accurate or fluent calculation ○ Accurate math reasoning

Question 79

What is an alternative term used to refer to a pattern of difficulties characterized by problems processing numerical information, learning arithmetic facts, and performing accurate or fluent calculations?

Answer 79

dyscalculia

Question 80

How to distinguish mild, moderate and severe specific learning disabilities:

Answer 80

**mild**: : Some difficulties learning skills in one or two academic domains **moderate**: Marked difficulties learning skills in one or more academic domains **severe**: Severe difficulties learning skills, affecting several academic domains, so that the individual is unlikely to learn those skills without ongoing intensive individualized and specialized teaching for most of the school years.

Question 81

What are the 2 interventions for specific learning disabilities based on **educational environment**?

Answer 81

**Plan** evidence-based interventions. **Tailor** the education to the unique pattern of cognitive and academic strengths and weaknesses.

Question 82

Academic interventions for specific learning disabilities includes (MARC) which stands for what?

Answer 82

**Modification**: change content of material. **Accommodation:** changes conditions under which learning occurs. **Remediation:** intervention designed to improve deficits - Response to Intervention (RTI). **Compensation:** bypass or minimize the deficits