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Ex Phys > Bergdahl- Chapter 16 and 17 > Flashcards

Bergdahl- Chapter 16 and 17 Flashcards

(60 cards)

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1
Q

what is the formula to calculate the volume of flow ?

A

F= (P1-P2) / R
so flow is directly proportional to the pressure gradient between the two ends of the vessels
and indirectly proportional to the resistance encountered to fluid flow

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2
Q

how does resistance come about ?

A

from the friction between blood flow and the internal vascular wall

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3
Q

what are the three factors that determine resistance ?

A
  • blood thickness/ viscosity
  • length of the conducting tube
  • blood vessel radius
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4
Q

what does Poiseuille’s Law express ?

A

the general relationship among pressure difference, resistance, and flow

Q= (pressure gradient x vessel radius ^4)
/ (vessel length x fluid viscosity)

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5
Q

in Poiseuille’s law, which variables remain constant ? which are the most impactful ?

A

vessel length won’t change much
blood viscosity too

the radius affects the blood flow the most because it’s ^4

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6
Q

how is flow related to resistance ?

A

resistance = 1/flow

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7
Q

during exercise, how does the body adjust its blood flow ?

A

local arterioles of active muscles dilate

non-active tissues will constrict

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8
Q

what 2 factors contribute to reduced blood flow to non-active muscles ?

A

1) increased SNS outflow which will inhibit blood flow to non-essential organs
2) local metabolites that directly stimulate vasoconstriction or enhance the effect of other vasoconstrictors

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9
Q

how does skeletal muscle couple to metabolic demands ?

A

at rest, 1 out of 30-40 capillaries stay open

so the opening of dormant capillaries have a tremendous effect

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10
Q

the opening of dormant capillaries in active skeletal muscle serves three purposes

A

1) increase total muscle blood flow
2) deliver a large blood volume with only a minimal increase in blood flow velocity
3) increase the effective surface for gas and nutrient exchange between blood and muscle fibers

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11
Q

what increases or decreases act as stimuli for vasodilation within the active muscle ?

A

decreased tissue oxygen

increase in blood flow, temperature, Co2, acidity, adenosine, magnesium, potassium, nitric oxide

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12
Q

where is the nitric oxide produced ?

A

in endothelial cells lining the blood vessels

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13
Q

what can happen with endothelial dysfunction, for example in diabetes or CHD?

A

not enough nitric oxide produced

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14
Q

how does nitric oxide regulate blood flow ?

A

endothelial cells lining the blood release NO

this reduces SNS vasoconstriction, induces vasodilation to increase blood flow

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15
Q

when does vasodilation occur as related to NO ?

A

when NO penetrates smooth muscle cells

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16
Q

how is NO released ?

A

released from endothelial cells by autonomic neurons, or drugs like Viagra that stimulate its release

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17
Q

what is the definition of cardiac output ?

A

the amount of blood pumped by the heart during a 1 minute period

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18
Q

what variable reflects the functional capacity of the cardiovascular system ?

A

cardiac output (Q)

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19
Q

what are three methods to assess cardiac output ?

A

1) direct fick
2) indicator dilution
3) CO2 rebreathing

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20
Q

in what environment is the Direct Fick usually done ?

A

in a hospital

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21
Q

how do you measure the different variables in the Direct Fick Method?

A

Q= VO2 / a-vO2 (mixed venous) difference

VO2 with open-circuit spirometry during 1 min
a-vO2 (mixed venous) difference- sampling from pulmonary artery, or RA

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22
Q

which method to assess cardiac output is the standard but is invasive ?

A

Direct Fick

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23
Q

what is the Indicator Dilution method to measure cardiac output ?

A

known quantity of inert dye on venous side mixes with blood, goes to lungs and returns to heart
photosensitive device assesses arterial blood samples

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24
Q

what is cardiac output at rest ?

A

can vary with different emotional conditions

however, 5L approx for males, 4L for females

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25
what are the average values for HR and SV in endurance athletes at rest ?
HR 50 bpm SV 100 mL meaning 5L
26
what two factors can explain the large SV and low HR of endurance-trained athletes ?
for HR: increased vagal tone and decreased sympathetic drive for SV: increased blood volume, myocardial contractility, and compliance of LV, which augment SV
27
how does cardiac output increase during exercise ?
increase rapidly during transition from rest to steady state and then rides gradually until it plateaus when blood flow meets the exercise metabolic requirements
28
how is cardiac output different in exercise for endurance athletes ?
they achieve a large maximal CO solely through a larger stroke volume
29
what are three mechanisms that increase the heart's SV during exercise ?
1) enhanced cardiac filling in diastole followed by a more forceful systolic contraction 2) normal ventricular filling followed by a subsequent forceful ejections and emptying during systole 3) training adaptations that expand blood volume and reduce resistance to blood flow in peripheral tissues
30
explain the enhanced diastolic filling which increases the heart's SV during exercise ?
any factor that increases venous return or slows the heart produces greater preload during diastolic phase increase in EDV which produces a more powerful ejection stroke ejects normal SV + additional blood
31
explain the Frank-Starling law of the heart
the force of contraction of the cardiac muscle remains proportional to its initial resting length this means that when the ventricles are stretched more due to a higher preload (EDV) the ejection is then more forceful proportionally
32
when SV increases during exercise, will ESV be higher or lower ?
lower. the ventricles will more forcefully eject blood leaving less since systolic emptying is facilitated
33
what is cardiovascular drift ?
the phenomenon in which, with time (usually 15 min submax) some responses decrease eg SV decrease with a concomitant HR increase
34
what should a person do during cardiovascular drift ?
work out at a lower intensity
35
in a cardiovascular drift, SV decreases. what happens ?
compensatory heart rate increase to maintain a nearly constant cardiac output
36
what is the cardiac output distribution during rest ?
5L output with 1L to muscle 4/5 L to digestive tract, liver, spleen, brain, etc
37
what is the cardiac output distribution during exercise ?
most of exercise cardiac output goes to ACTIVE muscles | more precisely to oxidative portions of muscles at the expense of those with high glycolytic capacity
38
what is the difference in blood (CO) redistribution during exercise between trained and untrained individuals ?
for trained begins in the anticipatory period
39
which two tissues cannot tolerate a compromised blood supply ?
heart and brain
40
at rest, the myocardium uses what percentage of the oxygen flowing in coronary circulation ?
75%
41
during exercise, what changes in the coronary circulation ?
it has a 4-5 fold increase
42
during exercise, what changes in the cerebral blood flow ?
it increases during exercise by 25-30% compared with the resting flow
43
arterial blood carries how much mL of O2 / L ? how do we calculate mL of O2 available to body from that ?
200 mL O2/ L (or 20 mL/dL) | if SV is 5 L, that means that per minute, 1000 mL of oxygen is available to the body
44
what happens to extra oxygen circulating above the resting requirement ?
it's in reserve
45
what is the amount of oxygen circulating each minute in exercise ?
CO increases 4-5 fold to 16 L/ min | therefore since there is 200 mL O2/L, this gives us 3200 mL O2 available to body during exercise
46
what is the association between cardiac output an VO2 max ?
a close one. | it's a direct proportion on graph
47
how does a lower Hb change CO ?
women and children have a 5-10% larger CO in submax exercise due to lower levels of Hn
48
kids have a smaller CO in exercise. why ?
they have a smaller stroke volume for which a higher HR does not fully compensate. it's the a-v (mixed) O2 difference that expands to meet the oxygen requirements
49
during rest what is the a-v O2 difference in tissues ?
20 mL/ dL blood 5 mL this means that 15 mL of O2 (75% of blood's O2) still remains bound to Hb
50
exercise oxygen consumption increases due to two things:
Q= VO2 / (a-v mixed O2 difference) so VO2= Q x a-v O2 difference in this manner, VO2 will increase with an increase in Q (cardiac output) and with an increase in a-v O2 difference (Hb releases a considerable quantity of reserve O2)
51
how does arterial blood oxygen content vary during exercise ?
it doesn't. throughout the whole exercise range it's about 20 mL/ dL blood or 200 mL/ L blood
52
how does mixed venous blood oxygen content vary during exercise ?
between 12-15 mL/dL during rest to 2-4 mL/dL during maximal exercise
53
what does progressive expansion of the a-v O2 difference result from ?
a reduced venous oxygen content
54
what is hemoconcentration ?
increased concentration in RBC results from the progressive mvmt of fluid from the plasma to the interstitial space basically the capacity of arterial blood to carry oxygen increases due to hemoconcentration
55
how do central and peripheral factors ensure increased oxygen extraction in active tissue during exercise ? (4)
- by diverting CO to active muscle - augmenting aerobic enzyme activity - increased capillary to fiber ratio - increase in size and number of mitochondria etc
56
how does O2 consumption and MHR differ in MAXIMAL upper body and lower body exercise ?
arm exercise max consumption still 20-30% lower than leg and smaller MHR values due to relatively smaller muscle activated in upper body
57
how does arm exercise compare to leg exercise in terms of oxygen consumption SUBMAXIMALLY ? why ?
higher levels during arm exercises submaximally | because UB uses O2 that doesn't directly help mvmt since it needs stabilizing muscles and such
58
SUBMAX: does arm or leg exercise produce the greatest physiologic strain ? why ?
arm produces higher HR, pulmonary ventilation, effort, BP elevated HR because of greater feed-forward stimulation from brain's central command to medullary control center and increased feedback stim to medulla from peripheral receptors in active tissue
59
what will produce greater metabolic and physiologic strain- arm or leg exercise, submaximally ?
arm
60
do exercise prescriptions based on running and cycling apply to arm exercises ?
nope

Ex Phys (13 decks)

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