Bergfeld Final stuff

Question 1

Who determines whether a “safe” level of pesticide residue (“tolerance”) can be established before registration of a pesticide?

Answer 1

EPA

Question 2

T/F Phosphates are biologically active. Thiophosphates undergo lethal synthesis and require hepatic bioactivation.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

Which enzyme do organophosphates inactivate? Is this reversible?

Answer 3

Acetylcholinesterase.

No.

Question 4

When animals higher in the food chain eat smaller organisms lower in the food chain such that the environmental chemical is magnified it is referred to as ____________

Answer 4

Biomagnification

Question 5

T/F Malathion is the most common organophosphate causing toxicity in animals.

Answer 5

True

Question 6

What does the mnemonic DUMBELS stand for and what pesticide causes these clinical signs?

Answer 6

Diarrhea
Urination
Miosis
Bronchospasm
Emesis
Lacrimation 
Salivation 

Organophosphates

Question 7

Which of the following was the first successful carbamate insecticide introduced in 1956?
Physostigmine
Carbaryl
Aldicarb
Neostigmine

Answer 7

Carbaryl

Question 8

T/F Carbamates do not penetrate the CNS and also do not require hepatic bioactivation.

Answer 8

True

Question 9

Thiophosphates cause a delayed pathology which presents as muscle weakness, ataxia and rear limb paralysis. What is this called and which species is most sensitive to it?

Answer 9

OP-induced polyneuropathy

Chickens

Question 10

What test is done to diagnose OP toxicity?

Answer 10

Atropine response test

(If you don’t observe dry skin and mm’s, increased heart rate or dilated pupils there is a high likelihood of OP poisoning)

Question 11

Atropine therapy is used with OP toxicity to reduce excessive ____ secretions and prevent ______ failure.

Answer 11

Airway

Respiratory

Question 12

T/F Carbamates, like OPs, cause irreversible inhibition (by competitive inhibition) of ACh.

Answer 12

False, carbamates cause REVERSIBLE ACh inhibition

Question 13

Which pesticide’s mode of action involves the accumulation of ACh throughout the CNS resulting in overstimulation of muscarinic and nicotinic receptors?

Answer 13

Organophosphates

Question 14

What should you always consider as a differential with unexplained GI signs and abdominal pain, especially in dogs and cats?

Answer 14

Lead toxicity, despite it being rare

Question 15

What clinical signs are associated with carbamate toxicity? What other pesticide are these similar to?

Answer 15

SLUD
(Salivation
Lacrimation
Urination
Diarrhea)

Similar to OP toxicity

Question 16

T/F Lead serves no beneficial purpose in the body.

Answer 16

True

Question 17

What is the active ingredient in the pesticide “Tres Pasitos”?

Answer 17

Aldicarb

Question 18

Which of the following is the most toxic of the carbamates?
Physostigmine
Carbaryl
Aldicarb
Neostigmine

Answer 18

Aldicarb

Question 19

T/F OP-induced delayed polyneuropathy develops 2-4 days after acute cholinergic effects and signs of the acute effects are no longer obvious. Symptoms include weakness of respiratory muscles & accessory muscles, including those of the neck and proximal limb.

Answer 19

False, this is describing OP-induced intermediate syndrome.

OP-induced delayed polyneuropathy occurs 10-14 days after exposure to thiophosphates.

Question 20

While lead is not readily absorbed or metabolized, ____ conditions favor dissolution and absorption.

Answer 20

Acid

Question 21

T/F Organic lead is more readily absorbed than metallic/inorganic lead.

Answer 21

True

Question 22

Which of the following is the most common cause of animal poisoning?
Organochlorines
Naphthalene 
Organophosphates
Neonicotinoids

Answer 22

Organophosphates

Question 23

What is the most common source of lead toxicosis in animals?

Answer 23

Lead-based paint

Question 24

T/F Lead crosses the BBB and the placenta. IT accumulates in active bone matrices and competes with calcium.

Answer 24

True

Question 25

What are the target tissues in lead toxicity?

Answer 25

GIT
Blood
CNS

Question 26

T/F: Like all metals, activated charcoal is recommend to treat lead toxicity.

Answer 26

False, doesn’t bind well to heavy metals

Question 27

The use of ____EDTA instead of _____- ____EDTA for chelation therapy in the treatment of lead toxicity can result in hypocalcemia and kidney damage.

Answer 27

Disodium

Calcium-disodium

Question 28

What is the most appropriate tissue for antemortem testing of an animal suspected of lead toxicity?

Answer 28

Whole blood

Question 29

OPs become more toxic after being stored for 1-2 years. What is this called?

Answer 29

Storage activation

Question 30

T/F: Technical grade OP chemicals are less pure than reagent chemicals due to the impurities being more toxic.

Answer 30

True

Question 31

Which drugs should be avoided when treating OP toxicity? What drug should you give?

Answer 31

Phenothiazides, aminoglycosides, muscle relaxants, opioids (and other drugs that depress respiration)
Give atropine