Zootoxins and Illicit substances

Question 1

T/F: Marijuana absorption is increased if it is consumed with a fatty meal.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

Which receptors does marijuana bind to? Which one is found in the brain and what does effect binding to this receptor have?

Answer 2

CB1 and CB2

CB-1: Alters the activity of various neurotransmitters, affects memory, perception and control of movement

Question 3

Where in the animal are the toxins associated with toads found?

Answer 3

Parotid glands

Question 4

Which type of pit viper is the culprit in most dog envenomations?

Answer 4

Copperheads

Question 5

Which illicit substance is highly plasma bound and undergoes enterohepatic recirculation?

Answer 5

Marijuana

Question 6

T/F: Alkalinizing the urine increases the renal excretion of amphetamines.

Answer 6

False, acidic urine does.

Question 7

Which enzyme spreads pit viper venom in the body?

Answer 7

Hyaluronidase

Question 8

Marijuana contains a resin that causes irritation of ____ and ____.

Answer 8

Muscles

Nerves

Question 9

What are the clinical signs associated with marijuana toxicity?

Answer 9

CNS depression
Ataxia, incoordination, tremors, weakness, mydriasis, hypothermia
Vomiting

Question 10

Which neurotransmitters are associated with bufo toad intoxiation?

Answer 10

Catecholamines

Serotonin

Question 11

What are the non-enzymatic proteins and peptides in pit viper venom called?

Answer 11

Killing fraction

Question 12

T/F: Bufotenine is a schedule I substance that causes hallucinations and also vasoconstriction.

Answer 12

True

Question 13

What is organs/body systems are mainly affected by toad intoxication?

Answer 13

Heart
Blood vessels
CNS

Question 14

T/F: To treat marijuana toxicosis the repeated administration of activated charcoal and a cathartic is indicated.

Answer 14

True

Question 15

Why might emetics nor be effective in marijuana toxicosis?

Answer 15

THC has an anti-emetic effect

Question 16

What are the cardioactive steroid toxins that inhibit Na/K ATPase produced by toads?

Answer 16

Bufagenins

Bufotoxins

Question 17

What is the primary effect of pit viper venom?

Answer 17

Hypocoagulation

Question 18

Which 2 toxins produced by toads cause hallucinations?

Answer 18

Bufotenine

Indole allylamines

Question 19

T/F Most toad intoxications occur in the early hours of the morning in the springtime.

Answer 19

False, summer evenings (toads are nocturnal)

Question 20

What type of coral snake venom can be treated using antivenin?

Answer 20

M. fuluvius, North American coral snake

Question 21

Which zootoxin is associated with CNS depression, quadripledia with decreased spinal reflexes, respiratory paralysis, hypotension and V-tach in dogs and cats?

Answer 21

Coral snake

Question 22

What can you administer IV to treat the systemic acidosis caused by cocaine toxicosis?

Answer 22

Sodium bicarb or LRS

Question 23

Your practice in in southern Texas. L.L. Drool-J presents to you with brick-red mucus membranes, foaming at the mouth, hyperrthermia, tachycardia and is barking and crying. What intoxication do you suspect and how was the toxin absorbed? How will you treat L.L.?

Answer 23

Toad intoxication

Absorbed from the mucus membranes

Flush the mouth, give activated charcoal.

Question 24

When pit viper venom causes cell membrane disruption and the uncoupling of phosphorylation, vasoactive amines are released via what enzyme?

Answer 24

Phospholipase A2

Question 25

What local tissue reactions are associated with pit viper envenomation?

Answer 25

Bleeding, swelling, edema, ecchymosis, petechia, +/- necrosis

Question 26

Which pain medication should you avoid when treating pit viper envenomation?

Answer 26

Morphine

Question 27

T/F: Steroids and NSAIDs are not indicated in the treatment of pit viper envenomation.

Answer 27

True.

Question 28

T/F Most pit viper envenomations occur between April and October.

Answer 28

True, 90%

Question 29

Your client calls you freaking out because Fopdoodle, per precious poodle, has been bitten by a rattlesnake on the paw. You tell her to bring Fopdoodle in as soon as possible. What else do you advise? What is the first thing you will do when Fopdoodle arrives?

Answer 29

Keep calm Keep the bitten paw below the heart Place an IV catheter

Question 30

T/F: Antivenin is a polyvalent croatalid immune fab that can be used to treat rattlesnake envenomation.

Answer 30

True .

Question 31

Which zootoxin is associated with elevated fibrinogen and CK?

Answer 31

Coral snake venom

Question 32

What systems may fail after pit viper envenomation?

Answer 32

Liver and renal

Question 33

The canine rattlesnake vaccine protects against all rattlesnake species venom except which one?

Answer 33

Mojave

Question 34

Your patient, Pickles the dog, presents with circling, tremors and seizures, as well as hypersalivation, hyperthermia and mydriasis. Pickle's mom thinks he may have gotten into some of her son's medication. What do you suspect and how will you treat it?

Answer 34

Amphetamine toxicosis Induce emesis Give activated charcoal (repeated doses if the drug is sustained-release) Give phenothiazine derivatives IV Ammonium chloride to acidify the urine

Question 35

Cocaine toxicosis causes degeneration of which muscle?

Answer 35

Myocardium/heart

Question 36

What toxicosis is associated with a block of the reupake of norepinephrine and dopamine resulting in CNS stimulation and is also an excitatory receptor agonist for dopamine?

Answer 36

Amphetamine

Question 37

What alkaloid from leaves of Erythroxylon coca or Erythroxylon monogynum is a sympathomimetic that directly effects the myocardium?

Answer 37

Cocaine

Question 38

What treatment is counter-indicated in the treatment of cocaine toxicosis? Why?

Answer 38

Inducing emesis | May trigger seizures

Question 39

T/F Broad spectrum antibiotics are indicated in the treatment of pit viper envenomation.

Answer 39

True