BES Flashcards
(303 cards)
1
Q
hedonism
A
plessure the main thing
2
Q
ascetism
A
atsisakymas plessure
3
Q
contractarianism
A
tobulas pasaulis bet visi turi laikyti taisykliu
4
Q
altruism
A
nesavanaudis
5
Q
managerial interity
A
virtious ethics but in businesses world: wisdom, kindness, honstly
6
Q
virtue ethics
A
amzinosios vertybes
7
Q
kantianism
A
elgtis su kitais taip kaip nori kad su tavim elgtusi, kentetis visus
8
Q
negative utilitarianism
A
to reduce pain
9
Q
utilitarianism
A
greatest amount of good for the greatest amount of people
10
Q
Ethical absolutism
A
The are eternal, universally applicable moral principles.
Ethical absolutism is the concept that ethical rules are the same everywhere. As an example of ethical absolutism, consider that the United Nations unanimously passed the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, from which some of those rights are: Everyone has the right to life, liberty, and security of person.
11
Q
Ethical relativism
A
Morality is context-dependent and subjective.
person believes that abortion is morally wrong
12
Q
Descriptive relativism
A
does NOT accept that different sets of beliefs can be equally right, but accepts that various cultures have different ethics (critical perspective, but avoiding “cultural supremacy / colonialism / imperialism”).
NEPRIPAŽĮSTA, kad skirtingi įsitikinimai gali būti teisingi, bet SUTINKA kad įvairios kultūros turi skirtingą etiką
13
Q
Ethical pluralism
A
Middle ground between ethical absolutism and relativism.
14
Q
Cognitivism
A
Objective moral truths which can be known.
Mary is a good person, or that stealing and lying are always wrong.
15
Q
Non-cognitivism
A
Objective assessment of moral belief is not possible, as everything is subjective.
disagree with someone saying, “‘Eating meat is wrong’
16
Q
Natural rights
A
Certain basic, important, unalienable entitlements that should be protected in every single action.
- Based on consensus about nature of human dignity.
- Strongly based on Western view of morality.
- Example: Universal Declaration of Human rights (1948).
17
Q
Theories of justice
A
The simultaneously fair treatment of individuals in a given situation, with the result that everybody gets what they deserve
gets what they deserve
18
Q
who represents Theory of Justice
A
John Rawls’s
19
Q
Egoism theories
A
An action is morally right if the decision-maker freely decides to pursue their (short-term) desires or their (long-term) interests.
20
Q
who represents EGOISM
A
Adam Smith – pursuit of individual interest morally acceptable through market’s “invisible hand” that benefits everybody.
21
Q
Enlightened egoism
A
conviction that persons who act to further the interests of others, ultimately serve their own self-interest.
22
Q
Feminist ethics (ethics of care)
A
Prioritizes empathy, harmonious and healthy social relationships, care for one another, and avoidance of harm, above abstract principles.
Cooperation, compromise
23
Q
ethics of right
A
winning and competition
24
Q
Consequentialism
A
Assessing moral right or wrong in terms of the consequences of actions (consequences are what counts, no matter the principles)
25
According to utilitarianism, an action is morally right if it results in the greatest amount of good for the greatest amount of people affected by the action:
* Purpose of morality is to make the world a better place.
* Based on consequentialism.
* Emphasis on the overall good, so as to bring the
biggest amount of benefit to all people.
* Bringing scientific certainty to ethics.
26
Jeremy Bentham
Believed that we should try to increase the
overall amount of pleasure in the world.
27
George E. Moore
Suggested that we should strive to maximize ideal values such as freedom, knowledge, justice, and beauty.
28
John Stuart Mill
Believed that happiness, not pleasure, should be the standard of utility.
29
Kenneth Arrow
Argued that what has intrinsic value is preference satisfaction.
30
Act utilitaniarism
looks to single actions and bases the moral judgement on the amount of pleasure and the amount of pain this single action causes.
31
Rule utilitaniarism
looks at classes of actions, and asks whether the underlying principles of an action produce more pleasure than pain for society in the long run.
32
Immanuel Kant
* Principle 1 (Consistency): An action can only be regarded as right is the rule guiding that behaviour should be followed consistently by everyone in all cases, without contradiction.
* Principle 2 (Human Dignity-Respect): We should always act so that we treat other humans always as an end and never as a means only.
* Principle 3 (Universality): Our actions must be acceptable to every rational human being, not because they have been told to accept them, but because they are rationally acceptable [thus overcoming the subjectivity risk of utilitarianism]“ -> New York Times Test”
1 principas (nuoseklumas): veiksmas gali būti laikomas tik teisingu, tai yra taisyklė, pagal kurią visi turi nuosekliai laikytis elgesio visais atvejais, be prieštaravimų.
2 principas (žmogaus orumas – pagarba): Mes visada turėtume elgtis taip, kad su kitais žmonėmis visada elgtumėmės kaip į tikslą, o ne tik kaip į priemonę.
3 principas (universalumas): mūsų veiksmai turi būti priimtini kiekvienam racionaliam žmogui ne todėl, kad jiems buvo liepta juos priimti, o todėl, kad jie yra racionaliai priimtini [taip įveikiama utilitarizmo subjektyvumo rizika]“ -> New York Times Test“
“Act the way you want others to act”
33
Utilitarianism VS Kantianism
Utilitarianism
* market conform
* rules have to be observed
* duty of making profit
* profit prior to moral
Kantianism
*companies have social duties
* voluntary limits
* moral prior to profit
34
Discourse ethics
aims to solve ethical conflicts by providing a process of norm generation through rational reflection on the real-life experiences of all relevant participants.
35
Different parties in a conflict should
sit together and engage in a discourse about the settlement of the conflict, and ultimately provide a situation that is acceptable to all.
36
Ultimate goal of ethical issues in business should
be the peaceful settlement of conflicts.
37
Jürgen Habermas
discourse ethics
38
Ideal discourse criteria of HABERMAS
* All must have equal rights to use speech acts in such a way that discourse could be permanently open to questions and answers.
* All must have equal chances to present interpretations, explanations and corrections.
* All express equally their attitudes, feelings and wishes, and also are honest to each other.
* Participants have equal chances to order and resist
orders, to promise and refuse, to be accountable for one’s
conduct and to demand accountability from others.
39
Postmodern ethics
is an approach that locates morality beyond the sphere of rationality in an emotional “moral impulse” towards others.
40
Examples of trends related to postmodern ethics:
* Holistic approach (focus on whole body health ... physical, emotional, social & spiritual wellbeing).
* Examples rather than principles.
* “Think local, act local” (deciding one thing after another).
41
What is capitalism?
Economic system combining the private ownership of productive enterprises with competition between them in the pursuit of profit.
Ekonominė sistema, jungianti privačią gamybinių įmonių nuosavybę su konkurencija tarp jų siekiant pelno.
42
Locke is a
Father of liberalism
43
liberalism
moral philosophy based on the rights of the individual, liberty, consent of the governed, political equality and equality before the law.
moralės filosofija, pagrįsta asmens teisėmis, laisve, valdomo sutikimu, politine lygybe ir lygybe prieš įstatymą.
44
Locke ideas
* Humans have “Natural Rights“
* Liberty and Private Property
* “Laissez faire” advocate
45
“Laissez faire” advocate
economic success is inhibited when governments are involved in business and markets.
46
Locke influence
* UN Declaration on Human Rights
* US Constitution (“life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness”)
47
LOCKE citata
“All mankind... being all equal and independent, no one ought to harm another in his life, health, liberty or possessions”.
„Visa žmonija... būdama lygi ir nepriklausoma, niekas neturi kenkti kito gyvybei, sveikatai, laisvei ar nuosavybei“.
48
Smith is a
Father of classical economics
49
Smith ideas
* Capitalism is reason for economic power
* Against mercantilism (protectionist economic nationalism)
* Capitalism is ethical
* Most often misinterpreted philosopher (Smith was against limited liability and flat taxation)
50
SMITH influence
Libertarian movements
51
Libertarian seeks
Libertarians seek to maximize autonomy and political freedom, and minimize the state's encroachment on and violations of individual liberties
Libertarian siekia maksimaliai padidinti autonomiją ir politinę laisvę bei kuo labiau sumažinti valstybės kėsinimąsi į asmens laisves ir jų pažeidimus
52
SMITH citata
No society can surely be flourishing and happy, of which the far greater part of the members are poor and miserable
negali klesteti visuome jei ji yra neturtinga
53
Marx is a
Father of socialism
54
MARX ideas
* Capitalism continues feudal exploitative order
* Feudalism (aristocracy vs. serfs) -> aristocracy owns the land - this way they exploit serfs
* Capitalism (capitalists vs. workers) -> capitalists own the capital - this way they exploit workers
55
MARX citata
In bourgeois society capital is independent and has individuality, while the living person is dependent and has no individuality.
kapitalas yra nepriklausomas ir turi individualumą,
o gyvas žmogus yra priklausomas ir neturi individualumo.
56
MARX influence
*Most of the socialist/communist ideologies existing claim to apply the works of Marx.
*Significant impact on the intellectual discussion on capitalism shortcomings.
57
Spencer is a
Father of social darwinism
58
SPENCER ideas
* Applied the work of Darwin - “survival of the fittest” idea on society development.
*Free competition ensures efficiency.
*Strong “laissez faire” advocate.
59
spencer influence
One of most controversial and discussed thinkers of Victorian age .
60
SPENCER citata
A nation which fosters its good-for- nothings will end becoming a good- for-nothing nation
61
Weber is a
Father of modern sociology
62
kunigas weber ideas
* Capitalism = secular version of Protestantism.
* Provides link of Luther, Calvin and Capitalism.
* Principle of predestination.
!!! hard work as a measure of goodness.
63
webers influence
* Basis for “methodological individualism” and “McDonaldization”
64
webers Citata
Only by strict specialisation can the scientific worker become fully conscious, for once and perhaps never again in his lifetime, that he has achieved something that will endure
Work hard in your calling.
Tik griežtai specializuojasi, mokslo darbuotojas vieną kartą ir galbūt niekada gyvenime gali visiškai suvokti, kad pasiekė tai, kas išliks.
65
Keynes (Keinesianism) Idea
The government should use fiscal and monetary policies to aim to mitigate the adverse effects of economic recessions, depressions and booms (counter-cyclical measures)
66
Keyne’s Influence:
Provided basis to all modern Keynesian schools of thought.
67
Erhard represents
Social market economy
68
vokietis erhard ideas
* Economic ordoliberalism theory. _> government uztikrina kad free market duotu profit
* German & Austrian economic system -> post-war “miracle”
* First proposal of a “Third Way” – capitalism with a social touch.
* Management and labour are social partners
* Co-determination – workers & managers joint decision-making.
69
ordoliberalism
pabrėžiantis būtinybę vyriausybei užtikrinti, kad laisvoji rinka duotų rezultatus, artimus jos teoriniam potencialui, bet ne propaguoja gerovės valstybę.
70
Erhards influence
European Union Constitution (2003-2006) – finally not approved.
71
vokietis erhards citata
The market is better than the state.
“The unions are now an integral part of a democratic liberal order, they are the bearers of democratic responsibility.”
„Sąjungos dabar yra neatsiejama demokratinės liberalios santvarkos dalis, jos yra demokratinės atsakomybės nešėjos“.
72
Welfare state
principle of equality – e.g., every unemployed receives money.
73
Social market economy:
principles of equity and subsidiarity – e.g., only people with no savings or family support have the right to request financial support.
74
Justice
ensuring that what is done to people is what ought to be done to them
75
Procedural
emphasis on the resource allocation process.
76
Corrective
emphasis on repairing harm.
77
Retributive
emphasis on punishment of wrongs.
78
Distributive
emphasis on resource allocation results.
79
Social
emphasis on social roles of citizens.
80
forms of justice
- Procedural – emphasis on the resource allocation process.
- Corrective – emphasis on repairing harm.
- Retributive – emphasis on punishment of wrongs.
- Distributive – emphasis on resource allocation results.
- Social – emphasis on social roles of citizens.
81
Need Theory
strongly egalitarian.
Priority: ensuring a minimum of quality of people’s lives.
82
Merit Theory
opposed to egalitarianism.
Priority: ensuring that distribution depends on contribution.
Criticism: capitalism does not always reward merit.
83
Need vs. Merit Theory
NEED: ensuring a minimum of quality of people’s lives.
MERIT: ensuring that distribution depends on contribution.
84
RAWLS is a
Egalitarian liberalism
85
RAWLS IDEAS
* Each person has an equal claim to a fully adequate scheme of basic rights and liberties, and to equal opportunities.
* Social inequalities should be organized so as to benefit everybody, and especially to advantage the worst-off.
86
Rawls’s influence:
* Intellectual debate on the question of distribution of wealth.
* Policy of Obama administration (US, Jan 2009 – Jan 2017).
87
rawlls citata
If you want to understand President Obama’s soul, read his books. But if you want to understand his beliefs, read John Rawls.
88
who is egoism
smith, friedman
conswquentialists
89
who is utilitarianism
bentham and mill
conswquentialists
90
who is ethics of duties
kant
non-conswquentialists
91
who is right and justice
LOCKE and RAWLS
non-conswquentialists
92
NOZICK represents
Libertarianism
93
NOZICK ideas
A distribution of goods is just, so long as the distribution was brought about by free exchanges by consenting adults, even if large inequalities emerge from the process.
94
nozick influence
* Libertarian movement & anarcho-capitalism.
* “Tea Party” movement (US).
95
nozcik citata
Nozick, more than anyone else, embodied the new libertarian zeitgeist which, after generations of statist welfarism from Roosevelt’s New Deal to Kennedy, Johnson and Carter, ushered in the era of Reagan and Bush, père et fils
Nozickas, labiau nei bet kas kitas, įkūnijo naująjį libertarinį zentavimą, kuris po kelių kartų etatinio gerovės nuo Roosevelto Naujojo susitarimo iki Kennedy, Johnsono ir Carterio pradėjo Reagano ir Busho erą
96
Libertarianism supports
negative rights
97
negative rights
he kind of rights which impose on others a negative duty, a duty not to do anything, a duty of non-interference
If I have a right oof this sort, all you have to do to respect that right is refrain from blocking me
Negative rights are sometimes called LIBERTIES
right to privacy, the right not to be killed, or the right to do what one wants with one's property
98
Positive rights
The kind of rights which impose on others a positive duty, a duty to provide or act in a certain way.
If I have a right of this sort, you respect it by complying
Positive rights are also sometimes called ENTITLEMENTS.
right to an education, the right to food, the right to medical care, the right to housing, or the right to a job
99
ENTITLEMENTS
positive rights
100
type of capitalism in UK, USA, CANADA, AUSTRALIA
MARKET BASED CAPITALISM
101
type of capitalism in GERMANY, FRANCE, NORWAY, IRELAND, BELGIUM, AUSTRIA, SWITZERLAND, NETHERLAND
CONTINENTAL EUROPEAN SYSTEM
102
type of capitalism in denmark, finland, sweden
SOCIAL DEMOCRATIC SYSTEM
103
type of capitalism in GREECE, ITALY, LITHUANIA, PORTUGAL, SPAIN
MEDITERRANEAN CAPITALISM
104
type of capitalism in JAPAN, SOUTH KOREA
ASIAN CAPITALISM
105
Index of Economic Freedom inspired by
Adam Smith’s “laissez-faire”
106
Adam Smith’s “laissez-faire” methodology
- Rule of law (property rights, judicial effectiveness, govt. integrity).
- Government size (tax burden, govt. spending, fiscal health).
- Regulatory efficiency (business, labour & monetary freedom).
- Market openness (trade, investment &financial freedom.
107
Only seven “fully free”
countries: Singapore, Switzerland, Ireland, New Zealand, Luxembourg, Taiwan, Estonia.
108
merit in LT
NUOPELNAS
109
Which does not believe in cost benefit analysis?
KANTIANISM
110
What best characterises Jeremy Bentham’s moral theory?
IT IS A VERSION OF UTILITARIANISM
111
LEGAL FRAMEWORK MORE IMPORTANT IN US VS EUR
false
112
Which of the following is NOT a limitation of utilitarianism
EMPHASIS ON OVERALL GOOD
113
Egoism proposes
FREE DECISION-MAKING IS MORALLY RIGHT
114
John Stuart Mill is a representative of
ETHICS OF WELFARE
115
What is the general approach to address ethical issues in public sector organisations
FORMAL, BUREAUCRATIC POLICIES
116
What does virtue ethics propose
INTEGRITY OF PERSON DETERMINES MORALITY
117
Rawls theury of justice
Inequalities are ok if they benefit all
118
Which of the following sentences does NOT express a recommendation made by Thomas Donaldson
PUT WESTERN VALUES ABOVE LOCAL TRADITION
119
Triple bottom line
ECONOMIC, SOCIAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY
120
NOT related to Max Weber’s ideas?
INEQUALITIES ARE OK IF IT BENEFITS THE POOR (RAWLS’)
121
Which of the following philosophers is considered the father of social Darwinism?
SPENCER
122
Which is the type of capitalism closest to proposals of Adam Smith?
PURE CAPITALISM
123
What do John Rawls and John Locke have in common?
BOTH FOCUS ON ‘RIGHTS AND JUSTICE’
124
Who was a key source of inspiration for US president Obama’s economic policies?
RAWLS
125
NOT related to Ludwig Erhard’s ideas?
MARKET SOCIALISM (erhard was social market economy)
126
Throwing a fat man over a bridge to block a train that runs towards children
CONSEQUENTELISM
127
Put in order from purely liberal to more egalitarianism
RAWLS
ERHARd
SEN
SMITH
SMITH, ERHARD, RAWLS, SEN
128
The right to own private property is more important than social equality according to
NOZICK
129
The right to own private property is more important than social equality according to
NOZICK
130
KAYNES WAS FATHER OF
welfare state
131
What do John Rawls and Amartya Sen have in common
THEIR CONCERN FOR SOCIAL INEQUALITIES
132
The ‘capabilities approach’
FOCUSES ON FOSTERING POSITIVE RIGHTS
133
Choose the correct order of philosophers, from more to less egalitarianist
RAWLS
NOZICK
MARX
SEN
MARX, SEN, RAWLS, NOZICK
134
Breaking the principle of not accepting child labour, can be consistent with
UTILITARIANISM
135
According to the democracy index, among all countries, a ‘full democracy’
IS THE LEAST COMMON TYPE OF REGIME
136
Mediterranean capitalism
LIMITED WELFARE STATE, REGULATED LABOUR MARKET, INCLUDES LITHUANIA
137
The concept of ‘ethics of care’ refers to
FEMINIST ETHICS
138
Libertarianism supports
SUPPORTS NEGATIVE RIGHTS
139
friedman sukure
father of Shareholder approach to CSR
140
friedman Ideas:
Close to “Laissez faire“ and libertarianism
Close link between money supply and inflation
141
friedman influence
* Nobel Price Winner in Economics (1976)
* Influenced Ronald Reagan, Margaret Thatcher, Goverments of Chile, Estonia, Iceland, CATO Institute (libertarian think-tank)
142
friedman citata
There is one and only one social responsibility of business – to use its resources and engage in actitities designed to increase its profits ... in open and free competition without deception or fraud
143
Business reasons for social responsibility (“enlightened self-interest”)
* Extra and/or more satisfied customers
* Employees may be more attracted and/or committed
(“employer branding” & “employee engagement” policies)
* Reduce risk, prevent litigation, and improve corporate
image/reputation
* Long-term investment that benefits the corporation
144
Moral reasons for business social resposibility
* All corporate activities have social impacts of one sort or another, and may cause social problems
* Because they are powerful, corporations should use their power and resources responsibly (sustainability issues)
* Corporations rely on the contribution of a wide set of stakeholders in the society rather than just shareholders
145
CSR approach
encompasses the economic, legal, ethical, and philanthropic expectations placed on organizations by society at a given point in time.
146
CSR pyramid levels
ECONOMIC -> required by society
LEGAL -> required by society
ETHICAL -> expected by society
PHILANTROPIC RESPONSIBILITIES -> desired by society
147
Economic responsibilities.
Base of the pyramid; understood as the production of goods and services that consumers need and want.
As a compensation for the delivery of these goods and services, the company must obtain an acceptable profit.
148
Legal responsibilities.
Compliance with the law and any type of (public and/or private) regulations, in accordance with the basic rules by which the business must operate.
149
Ethical responsibilities.
Obligation to do what is right, fair and reasonable, and to avoid - or at least minimize - damage to the diverse stakeholders to whom the company relates.
150
Philanthropic responsibilities.
Corporate actions that respond to social expectations of good corporate citizenship, including the active involvement of businesses in activities or programmes that promote social welfare and improve the quality of life of the population.
donating money
151
Economic responsibility in eu and us
Europe – Focused on responsibility to stakeholders
US – Focused on responsibility to shareholders
152
Legal responsibility in eu and us
Europe – State accepted as prominent power in enforcing rules of the game rather than as US view of State as interfering in such rules
Valstybė pripažinta svarbia galia įgyvendinant žaidimo taisykles, o ne kaip JAV požiūrį į valstybę kaip kišimąsi į tokias taisykles
153
Ethical responsibility in us and eu
Europe – greater mistrust of modern corporations than US
154
Philanthropic responsibility in eu and us
Europe - mostly implemented compulsorily via legal framework
US – mostly implemented via voluntary acts of successful companies
155
Corporate Social Responsivenes
– capacity of a corpotation to respond to social pressures
156
traditional CSR focus
RISK
157
traditional CSR driver
IMAGE, BRAND, PUBLIC ACCEPTANCE
158
traditional CSR responsiveness
reaction, defence
159
traditional CSR motto
CSR is bolt on
pasieks profita tada susimastys apie values
160
traditional CSR relation to the bottom line
no direct contribution: CSR is value distribution
161
Contemporary CSR focus
reward
162
Contemporary CSR driver
performance, markets, products
163
Contemporary CSR relation to the bottom line
integral goal: csr is value creation
164
Contemporary CSR responsivness
accommodation, pro-action
165
Contemporary CSR motto
CSR is built in
166
Three areas of Corporate Social Performance (CSP)
Social policies
Explicit corporate social policies stating the company’s values, beliefs, and goals with regard to its social environment – often included in mission statements or in other corporate policies (e.g., environmental sustainability goals)
167
Three areas of Corporate Social Performance (CSP)
Social programmes
Specific social projects or activities, measures and instruments implemented to achieve social policies (e.g., environmental management programmes)
168
Three areas of Corporate Social Performance (CSP)
Social impacts
Proof of specific changes achieved through social
programmes implemented in a given period of tim
169
freeman sukure
father of Stakeholder approach to CSR
170
freeman ideas
* Observed that traditional models suggest that shareholders
are the core stakeholders
* Proposed that other parties must be also involved - such as competitors, employees, customers, suppliers, trade unions, government, civil society, etc.
171
freeman Assessments of how the corporation “affects” stakeholders
Principle of corporate rights
Principle of corporate effect
172
Principle of corporate rights
the corporation has the obligation not to violate the rights of others
173
Principle of corporate effect
Companies are responsible for the effects of their actions on others
174
Freeman citata
A stakeholder in an organization is (by definition) any group or individual who can affect or is affected by the achievement of the organization’s objectives.
175
Quality of corporate transparency
disclosure, clarity, accuracy.
176
Corporate citizenship
how a company exercises its rights, obligations, privileges, and overall corporate responsibility within our local and global environments.
Reducing carbon footprints.
Diversity, equity and inclusion.
Charitable global giving.
177
Corporate transparency
CSP should be made more visible to stakeholders -> transparency of CSP policies, programmes & impacts
Quality of corporate transparency: disclosure, clarity, accuracy.
Make Salaries Public. ...
Follow Up on Promises. ...
Bring Your Whole Self To Work.
178
Corporate accountability
Issue of whether a coporation is answerable in some way for the consequences of its actions – and if so, to whom.
179
Social rights
freedoms to participate in society through entitlements towards third parties (positive rights)
180
Civil rights
freedoms from abuses and interference by third parties – most notably the government (negative rights)
teisė balsuoti, teisė į teisingą bylos nagrinėjimą, teisė į valstybės paslaugas, teisė
181
Political rights
freedom to participate in society governance process (e.g., to vote or hold office)
182
Rights in liberal citizenship are being increasingly influenced by corporations
Social rights
Civil rights
Political rights
183
THREE VIEWS OF CORPORATE CITIZENSHIP
Limited View
Equivalent view
Extended view
184
Limited view focuses on and motivates
corporate philanthropy
motivation: Primarily philanthropic; also economic where citizenship is 'strategic'
185
Equivalent view focuses on and motivates
All areas of CSR
motivation: Mixed - economic, legal, ethical, philanthropic
186
Extended view focus and motivates
Citizenship: social, political and civil rights
motivation: political
187
Sustainability
Sustainability is the destination, an end-state, and sustainable development is a means of getting there
188
Triple bottom line
social, environmental, economic
189
First –
Leave everything in the pristine state, or return in to its pristine state
190
Second
not to overwhelm the carrying capacity of the system
191
Third –
Sustainability will take care of itself as economic growth proceeds (Simon Kuznet)
192
Fourth
Polluter and victim can arrive at an efficient solution by themselves (Coase theorem)
193
Fifth
Let the markets take care of it (e.g., carbon-trade)
194
Sixth
– Internalize the externalities (e.g., taxation, consumer pressure)
195
Seventh
Let the national economic accounting system reflect defensive expenditures (e.g., pollution-treatment or fire-fighting expenses increase GDP)
196
Eight
Reinvest rents from nonrenewable resources (Hartwick rule) into sustainable projects & policies (e.g., Norway’s approach)
197
Ninth
Leave future generations the options of the capacity to be as well off as we are (Robert Solow)
198
Life-cycle sustainability assessment
Evaluation of all environmental, social and economic negative impacts and benefits in decision-making processes towards more sustainable products throughout their life cycle
Visų neigiamų aplinkos, socialinių ir ekonominių poveikių ir naudos vertinimas priimant sprendimus siekiant tvaresnių produktų per visą jų gyvavimo ciklą
199
A product life-cycle approach to sustainability
measures a company’s total environmental impact – from raw materials, to production, distribution, consumer use, and disposal of the product by the consumer
200
How often do you need to reuse an organic cotton bag to have the same cumulative environmental impact (water use, energy use, etc.) as a classic plastic bag?
20 000 times
201
Stiglitz
has been suggested to replace, or supplement GDP to GPI consistent wth “triple bottom lin” considerations”.
202
HDI (human development index) mean
The HDI was created to emphasize that people and their capabilities should be the ultimate criteria for assessing the development of a country, not economic growth alone.
HDI buvo sukurta siekiant pabrėžti, kad žmonės ir jų galimybės turi būti galutinis kriterijus vertinant šalies raidą, o ne vien ekonomikos augimą.
203
HDI measures
- a long and healthy life (life expectancy at birth)
- knowledge(years of schooling - achieved & expected)
- a decent standard of living (GNP per capita)
204
IHDI reflects
The IHDI reflects the level of human development when inequality is accounted for.
205
In relatively egalitarian countries
IHDI>HDI
gain in human development
206
In relatively inegalitarian countries
IHDI
207
Under perfect equality
the HDI and IHDI are equal; the greater the difference between the two, the greater the inequality.
Esant tobulai lygybei, HDI ir IHDI yra lygūs; kuo didesnis skirtumas tarp dviejų, tuo didesnė nelygybė.
208
Global Footprint Network
to measure human demand on natural capital (i.e. the quantity of nature it takes to support people or an economy).
dirbamos žemės, ganyklos, žvejybos plotai, užstatyta žemė, miško plotas ir anglies poreikis žemėje.
209
Global Footprint Network
It tracks this demand through an ecological accounting system.
210
footprint
In short, it is a measure of human impact on the environment
211
Human demand on the biosphere
ecological deficit
212
Earth Overshoot Day
Calculated illustrative calendar date on which humanity’s resource consumption for the year exceeds Earth’s capacity to regenerate those resources that year.
Apskaičiuota iliustracinė kalendorinė data, kai žmonijos išteklių suvartojimas per metus viršija Žemės pajėgumą atkurti tuos išteklius tais metais.
213
Overshoot represents the
The term “overshoot” represents the level by which human population's demand overshoots the sustainable amount of biological resources regenerated on Earth.
Sąvoka „ overshoot“ reiškia lygį, kuriuo žmonių populiacijos paklausa viršija tvarų Žemėje atsinaujinančių biologinių išteklių kiekį.
214
The Happy Planet Index (HPI)
is an index of human well- being and environmental impact that was introduced by the New Economics Foundation in 2006
yra žmonių gerovės ir poveikio aplinkai indeksas, kurį 2006 m. pristatė Naujosios ekonomikos fondas
215
Each country's HPI value is a function of its:
- average subjective life satisfaction (experienced wellbeing)
- life expectancy at birth
- ecological footprint per capita
216
The UN Global Compact is
“the world’s largest corporate sustainability initiative”.
217
UN Global Compact Mission:
“A call to companies to align strategies and operations with universal principles on human rights, labour, environment and anti-corruption, and take actions that advance societal goals.”
“The multi-year strategy of the UN Global Compact if to drive business awareness and action in support of achieving the Sustainable Development Goals by 2030”.
218
United Nations Global Compact
labour
Labour
3. Businesses should uphold the freedom of association and the effective recognition of the right to collective bargaining.
4. Elimination of all forms of forced and compulsory labour.
5. Effective abolition of child labour.
6. Elimination of discrimination in respect of employment and occupation.
////
3. Įmonės turėtų remti asociacijų laisvę ir veiksmingą teisės į kolektyvines derybas pripažinimą.
4. Visų formų priverstinio ir privalomojo darbo panaikinimas.
5. Veiksmingas vaikų darbo panaikinimas.
6. Diskriminacijos darbo ir profesijos atžvilgiu panaikinimas.
219
The Gig Economy
Individuals being hired for a specific task, rather than being employed longer term (with the associated benefits) for exactly the same task
220
“Human Resource Management” (HRM) vs. “Personnel mgmt."
Humans treated as important and costly resource (moral hazard?)
Are employees subject to a strict managerial rationale of minimizing costs and maximizing the efficiency of the human “resource”?
221
Modern slavery
People who are forced to work through threat, owned or controlled by an employer particularly through mental or physical abuses
People who are de-humanized and treated as a resource, physically constrained or their movement being controlled
222
Rights of employees as stakeholders of the firm
Right to participation and association
Right to privacy
Right to due process
Right to healthy and safe working conditions
Right to fair wages
Right to work
Right to freedom of conscience and speech
223
Four types of employee privacy
Physical privacy
Social privacy
Informational privacy
Psychological privacy –
224
Physical privacy
physical inaccessibility to others and the right to “one’s own space” (e.g., dilemma of surveillance cameras)
225
Social privacy
– freedom to behave in our private life in whichever way we choose (e.g., dilemma of “immoral” behaviour in private life)
226
Informational privacy –
determining how, when, and to what extent private data about us are released to others (e.g., dilemma of security investigations)
227
Psychological privacy
not being compelled to share private thoughts and feelings (e.g., dilemma of forcing employees to look happy and smile to customers)
228
European Union Regulations
Most advanced and sophisticated regulations on privacy at workplace
229
European Convention on Human Rights -
guarantees every person the right to private and family life, home and correspondence
garantuoja kiekvienam asmeniui teisę į privatų ir šeimos gyvenimą, būstą ir susirašinėjimą
230
European Court of Human Rights
decided that protection of private life includes workplace
231
General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR)
Companies can be pursued with heavy fines – as much as 4% of annual turnover for global companies – for incidents such as data breaches
232
Data Protection Directive (DPD)
* Right to be forgotten
* Easier access to own personal data
* A right to transfer personal data
* Businesses as to inform individuals about data breaches
* Consent of individuals must be given by a statement or by a clear affirmative action
233
Employee hiring processes must
strictly abide to the law and comply with high ethical standards
234
Promotions – potential discrimination issues
* Seniority
* Inbreeding
* Nepotism
235
nepotism
seimyniskumas
236
Financial participation
allows employee share in the ownership or income of the corporation
237
Operational participation
Information – receiving information about crucial decisions
Consultation – express views on potential decisions
Delegation – control over a range of decisions
Co-determination – full right to determine major decisions
238
Right to association –
to join together for collective defense of worker’s interests (e.g., through trade unions)
239
(HSE) regulations
Substantial amount of health, safety and environmental – compulsory compliance
sveikatos saugos laykymasis
240
Ethical issues in the context of:
* Excessive working hours – damage of employee’s overall state of physical and mental health
presenteeism
241
“Presenteeism” -
being at work when employee should be at home due to illness or because working time is over
242
Flexible working patterns
“non-standard” work relationships:
part-time work, temporary work, self-employment, remote work
worse pay & conditions, higher insecurity, exclusion from
benefits & training
243
“Everyone who works has the right to just and favorable remuneration ensuring for themselves and their family an existence worthy of human dignity, and supplemented, if necessary, by other means of social protection”
UN Declaration of Human Rights
244
Everyone has the right to work, to free choice of employment, to just and favourable conditions of work, and to protection against unemploymen
UN Declaration of Human Rights
245
The right to work in a business context
cannot mean that every individual has a right to be employed
The right to work should result in every individual
facing the same equal conditions in exerting this right
246
Diversity management
prominent feature of contemporary (HR) management approaches, closely related to fighting discrimination at work
247
Everyone, without any discrimination, has the right to equal pay for equal work
UN Declaration of Human Rights
248
Affirmative action,
which can include (depending of the specific form of action taken) positive discrimination, reverse discrimination, or employment equity, implies specific preference given to groups considered by some to be victims of social discrimination.
ypatingą pirmenybę grupėms, kurias kai kurie laiko socialinės diskriminacijos aukomis.
249
Negative rights
strict equality, non-discrimination & literal equality of opportunity, “weak” affitmative action
250
positive rights
(equity, positive discrimination & fair/real equality of opportunity, “strong” affirmative action)
251
Employers rights
e.g., employers – right to choose who works for them and “fit” with current workforce)
252
Affirmative action policies
increasingly popular as part of CSR in the HRM domain (“equal opportunity employer”, “affirmative action employer”, etc.)
253
Passive non-discrimination
– willingness in hiring, promotion, and pay decisions to treat races, sexes etc. alike.
noras priimti į darbą, paaukštinti pareigas ir priimti sprendimus dėl atlyginimo vienodai traktuojant rases, lytis ir pan.
254
weak affirmative action
Pure affirmative action
It simply involves making an effort to ensure that minority candidates are considered.
255
Pure affirmative action
concerted effort to enlarge the pool of applicants so that no one is excluded because of past or present discrimination.
256
“Strong” affirmative action
Preferential hiring
Positive discrimination
257
Preferential hiring
– systematically favouring minorities, women, etc. in decisions of enlarging labour pool.
258
Positive discrimination
specifying numbers (quotas) or proportions of minority, women, etc. group members that must be hired.
259
Relativism vs. absolutism regarding international HRM (IHRM) -
Absolutism in IHRM: always same ethical principles applicable everywhere
Relativism in IHRM: always different ethical principles, depending on historical, social, cultural etc. context
260
Absolutism in IHRM:
always same ethical principles applicable everywhere
261
Relativism in IHRM:
always different ethical principles, depending on historical, social, cultural etc. context
262
IHRM
international human resource manager
263
Universal respect for “Core Human Values” (Human Rights)
Respect for local traditions & consideration of the context
DONALDSON
264
Diversity management:
set of activities involved in integrating “non-traditional” employees (e.g., women, minorities, etc.) into the workforce and using their diversity to the firm’s competitive advantage.
265
Diversity itself can have a
positive, negative, or neutral effect on firm performance. Active diversity management should aim at optimizing the diversity-performance link.
266
Diversity management actions & programmes are closely related
(or even be part of) CSR policies
267
Potential benefits of diversity management programmes
Greater creativity, considering new ways and less obvious alternatives.
Better problem solving, moving from group-thinking to *out-of-the-box" thinking.
Greater system flexibility, thanks to more openness to new ideas and greater tolerance and acceptance of changes.
Better information input and management of knowledge, due to the broader variety of sources and experiential backgrounds.
Better marketing strategies, especially in target markets which are increasingly multicultural and multi-ethnic.
268
Challenges in managing diversity
* Focus on diversity (openness to difference, but stereotyping risk) vs. focus on inclusiveness (integration of
"the others", but brainwashing risk).
* Resistance to change from dominant groups (traditionally
"white males").
* Overcoming segmented (e.g., sex or race-based) communication networks.
* Resentment due to perceived favouritism towards non-traditional' employees.
* Overcoming the "glass ceiling" when making promotion decisions.
269
Usual targets for diversity management programmes
* Ethnic, cultural, and/or religious minorities
* Women
* People with disabilities
* Homosexuals–and more recently the broader
LGTBIQ+ community
* Older workers
270
Whistleblower
An employee or ex-employee of an organization who, in good faith, discloses information about serious malpractice by that organization.
Organizacijos darbuotojas arba buvęs darbuotojas, kuris sąžiningai atskleidžia informaciją apie rimtą tos organizacijos pažeidimą.
271
Criteria for whistleblowing
* Information must be released by a stakeholder within the organization, usually an employee or former employee.
* Information that is released must not have already been made public.
* Information that is released must be of substantial importance and be about the misconduct of the company or its members.
* Information must be released to parties that fall outside the whistleblower’s normal chain of command.
* Information must be released voluntarily in an effort to correct wrongdoing, rather than for revenge purposes.
Informaciją turi paskelbti organizacijos suinteresuotoji šalis, dažniausiai darbuotojas arba buvęs darbuotojas.
Paskelbta informacija dar neturi būti paviešinta.
Skelbiama informacija turi būti labai svarbi ir susijusi su
bendrovės ar jos narių netinkamu elgesiu.
Informacija turi būti perduota šalims, kurios nepatenka į įprastą informatoriaus pavaldumo grandinę.
Informacija turi būti skelbiama savanoriškai, siekiant ištaisyti pažeidimus, o ne keršto tikslais.
272
An employee who acts in good faith and the “public interest” in the disclosure of wrongdoings outweighs the interests of the employer.
European Court of Human Rights
273
EU Whistleblower Directive
Creation of channels of reporting within companies/administrations
Hierarchy of reporting channels
Large number of profiles protected by the new rules
A wide scope of application
Support and protection measures for whistleblowers
Feedback obligations for authorities and companies
274
Whistleblowing advantages/pros
* Short- and fixed-term contracts
* Gagging (confidentiality) clauses in work contracts
* Duty of fidelity -> ištikimybė
* Negative view of whistleblowers
* Disastrous personal consequences
275
Whistleblowing disadvantages/cons
* Freedom of expression clauses in human rights regulations
* Legal duties
* Corporate codes expressly demanding this
* Changing view of whistleblowers as a corporate safety net
276
Right to privacy, prekybinis
Promotion of materialism
Creation of artificial wants
Perpetuating dissatisfaction
Reinforcing stereotypes
Materializmo propagavimas
Dirbtinių norų kūrimas
Įamžinantis nepasitenkinimą
Stereotipų stiprinimas
277
Right to fair prices
Excessive pricing
Price fixing
Predatory pricing
Deceptive pricing
Per didelė kainodara
Kainos fiksavimas
Agresyvi kainodara
Apgaulinga kainodara
278
Right to make a free choice
Slotting fees
279
Right to engage in markets
Teisė dalyvauti rinkose
Buyer-seller relationships
Gifts and bribes
280
Right to honest and fair communications
deception
Misleading claims
Intrusiveness
apgaulė
Klaidinantys teiginiai
Įkyrumas
281
Right to basic freedoms and amenities
Consumer exclusion
282
Right to be free from discrimination
Targeting vulnerable consumers
Nukreipimas į pažeidžiamus vartotojus
283
Right to privacy
Privacy issues
284
Right to safe and efficacious products
Product safety
Fitness for purpose
285
Two ethical limitations based on fairness
* Individual transactions will be unfair to certain consumers
* Without consumer sovereignty, the economic system is inefficient
Du etiniai apribojimai, pagrįsti sąžiningumu
* Atskiri sandoriai bus nesąžiningi tam tikrų vartotojų atžvilgiu
* Be vartotojų suvereniteto ekonominė sistema yra neefektyvi
286
Consumer sovereignty assessment
* Consumer capability – degree of freedom from limitations in rational decision-making (e.g., from vulnerability or coercion)
* Information – availability and quality of relevant data pertaining to a purchase decision
* Choice – extent of the opportunity available to freely switch to another supplier
287
Information
Availability and quality of relevant data
Quantity, comparability and complexity of information; degree of bias or deception
288
consumer capability definition
Freedom from limitations in rational decision-making
Vulnerability factors, e.g. age, education, health
Pažeidžiamumo veiksniai, pvz. amžius, išsilavinimas, sveikata
289
Choice
Opportunity for switching
Number of competitors and level of competition; switching costs
290
in the HPI (happy planet index)
Ecological footprint is included
291
in the HPI (happy planet index)
Ecological footprint is included
292
the stakeholder approach to csr
freeman
293
Which of the following are social responsibilities according to Carrol's SR pyramid?
economical
legal
ethical
philantripic
294
Which of the following indicators does not include income/social inequalities?
GPI
HDI
HPI
IHDI
Human Development Index (HDI)
295
Whistleblowing in the field of business ethics is defined as:
calling attention to wrongdoing that is occurring within an organization
296
What are the three components of consumer sovereignty asessment?:
Consumer capability, information, choice
297
affirmative action
siekiama padidinti tam tikrų grupių atstovavimą dėl jų lyties, rasės, seksualumo,
298
Diversity management
Can help fight work discrimination
299
Life-cycle sustainability assessment refers to:
the evaluation of all environmental, social and economic negative impacts and benefits in decision-making processes towards more sustainable products throughout their life cycle.
300
The calculation of Gross Domestic Product (GDP):
economic growth
301
Employee diversity:
Can be related to CSR policies
302
what are the types of emploees privacy
Physical, social, informational, psychological
303
Affirmative action:
May Include preferential hiring
