BFR and PPL Questions

Question 1

What are your responsibilities when operating a helicopter at low level?

Answer 1

Ceiling: vertical at least 600 feet; Visibility: horizontal at least 1500 m.

The ceiling and flight visibility is
– at least 600 feet and at least 1500 m respectively
– for helicopters, less than 600 feet and less than 1500 m respectively if the helicopter is operated at a speed that will give adequate opportunity to observe other traffic or any obstructions in order to avoid collisions
The aircraft is equipped with two-way radio capable of communicating with ATC on the appropriate frequency
The operation is conducted
– compliance with an ATC clearance and any ATC instructions
– only during the day
– clear of clouds.

** Bona fide reason

Aircraft nuisance…noise…animals

Speed where you can operate safely

Rotor downwash**

Question 2

What equipment must be on board when operating a helicopter?

Answer 2

Two-way radio capable of communicating with ATC

Question 3

What are the operational conditions for flying a helicopter at low level?

Answer 3

Conducted during the day, clear of clouds, and in compliance with ATC clearance and instructions.

Viz
Vertical 600m
Horizontal 1500m

At a safe speed

Question 4

What five documents must be carried in the aircraft at all times?

Answer 4

Weight and balance data form
Aircraft flight manual
Current airworthiness certificate
Radio station equipment levels approval form
Technical log

Question 5

What does RA stand for and what does it entail?

Answer 5

Review of Airworthiness

For standard or restricted category certificates of airworthiness, the RA comprises an assessment and inspection, of the aircraft’s conformity to its type certificated or properly modified state, its maintenance records and its condition. Advisory Circular AC43-1 Revision 6 15 9 December 2021 CAA of NZ A maintenance logbook review confirms that since the previous review of airworthiness, all necessary maintenance, including design changes and applicable airworthiness directives have been completed and correctly recorded in accordance with the requirements of Part 43, and that the aircraft’s current maintenance status complies with its maintenance programme. This includes the airworthiness limitations section of the manufacturer’s ICA and any embodied modification/STC holder’s ICA. The RA is to be carried out within the preceding 12 months, or for aircraft not operated for hire or reward within the preceding 24 months.

Includes assessment and inspection of conformity to type certification, maintenance records, and condition.

Question 6

What is the maximum time frame for conducting a Review of Airworthiness?

Answer 6

12 months - Within the preceding 12 months
24 months for non-hire aircraft.

Question 7

What are the met minima for operating in Class G airspace by day?

Answer 7

[Details not provided in the original text]

Question 8

Where can you find NOTAMs relating to Queenstown Airport?

Answer 8

Pre-flight briefing.

1. VFR Approach procedure
2. Aeronautical Information Service
3. Runway Closure
4. Meteorological Service not available

Question 9

What does the transponder code 7500, 7600 and 7700 signify?

Answer 9

Interference / Hijack
Communicaation
Emergency

Question 10

Can you legally fly with an expired BFR or expired medical?

Answer 10

You can fly as a student pilot if your BFR has expired, solo under supervision.

Medical

No, you cannot fly with a Private Pilot Licence (PPL) helicopter with an expired medical certificate. You need a valid Class 2 medical certificate (or a DL9 for PPL privileges) to exercise the privileges of a PPL

Question 11

What are the height restrictions for flying over non-congested areas under Part 91?

Answer 11

At least 500 feet above the surface.

Question 12

What is the minimum height over cities, towns, and settlements?

Answer 12

At least 1,000 feet above the highest obstacle.

600 ft horizontal.

Question 13

What minimum height restrictions apply over a non-congested area ?

Answer 13

a) Under Part 91?

Minimum height over cities, towns, and settlements at least 1,000 feet above the highest obstacle when flying over cities, towns, or settlements

This rule does not apply when taking off or landing.

Minimum height over other areas
Aircraft must fly at least 500 feet above the surface when flying over any area other than a congested area of a city, town, or settlement

This rule does not apply when operating at an aviation event

Question 14

What minimum height restrictions apply over a non-congested area - and when can they be ignored

Answer 14

According to Civil Aviation Rules Part 91, the primary exception to height restrictions allows for lower flying during specific situations like emergencies, agricultural operations, police operations, or when flying within designated low flying training areas, where the purpose of the flight requires a lower altitude, provided it does not endanger people or property on the ground; generally, the minimum height over populated areas is 1000 feet, while over other areas it’s 500 feet

Question 15

What is evening civil twilight, and where can you find the times for it?

Answer 15

Period between sunset and when the sun is 6 degrees below the horizon; available in the AIP New Zealand GEN 2.7 Daylight Tables.

Question 16

Who do you use for flight following?

Answer 16

Wanaka Heli staff or a trusted person.

Trac Plus via starlink mini in the helicopter giving position data every 15 seconds. Have multiple people trained in flight following.

Question 17

How can you confirm that your aircraft Flight Manual is current?

Answer 17

Check revision status on the manual, consult the manufacturer’s website, verify with local aviation authority.

To confirm your aircraft Flight Manual is current, check the revision status on the manual itself, regularly consult the aircraft manufacturer’s website for updates and amendments, and verify the information with your local aviation authority to ensure you have the latest version relevant to your aircraft registration; this includes checking for any new service bulletins or technical publications issued by the manufacturer that might affect your flight manual information

Question 18

What weather information products do you use when planning a flight?

Answer 18

AOPA
Pre Flight
Met Service
Windy
Flowx
VUW
Webcams

Question 19

What Weight & Balance system do you use?

Answer 19

iBal or Paper.

Question 20

What is the maximum allowable weight for each passenger in your aircraft? (MAUW)

Answer 20

108 kg

Question 21

Is there a Maximum Seat Weight for your aircraft and if so, what is that limit?

Answer 21

80kg

Question 22

How long is your BFR valid for?

Answer 22

24 months.

Every private pilot must complete a Biennial Flight Review (BFR) every 24 months to retain currency. This process involves: Meeting with a flight instructor to review knowledge in the classroom. Completing an in-flight proficiency check to demonstrate your skills.

Valid for 24 Months.

Can sit it 60 days before it is due.

Question 23

What actions should you take if the LOW FUEL warning light illuminates?

Answer 23

LIGHT 12 Litres remaining, 16 minutes of flying time.

RESERVE 13 Litres, 20 Mins

Question 24

What are ADs and where can you find applicable ones?

Answer 24

Airworthiness Directives; check the AD Schedule on the CAA website.

“ADs” stand for “Airworthiness Directives,” which are legally enforceable rules issued by the Civil Aviation Authority (CAA) to address unsafe conditions on an aircraft, and you can find out if any apply to your aircraft by checking the “AD Schedule” on the CAA website, specifically within the “Airworthiness Directives” section dedicated to aircraft information

Question 25

What class of Medical Certificate is required for exercising the privileges of your license?

Answer 25

Class 2 (DL9). PPL holders on a DL9 medical can carry 5 passengers, unless they are performing an aerobatic manoeuvre above 3,000 feet, in which case no passengers are allowed.

Question 26

What are the limitations on a pilot regarding weather conditions?

Answer 26

Minimum visibility, cloud ceiling restrictions, and limitations on severe weather. As PIC you have significant limitations regarding weather conditions you can fly in, including minimum visibility requirements, cloud ceiling restrictions, and limitations on flying in severe weather like thunderstorms, heavy rain, fog, or snow depending on your pilot license and the type of flight operation; always prioritizing safety and adhering to the Civil Aviation Authority (CAA) regulations outlined in "Part 91" of the Civil Aviation

Question 27

At what height can you safely carry out a 180-degree autorotation?

Answer 27

700 ft.

Question 28

What three things are required to enter Vortex Ring State?

Answer 28

* Rate of descent * Airspeed * Power Rate of decent greater than 300 ft/min Airspeed less than 30 knots Power being used. Note that vortex ring is possible when the wollie has dropped

Question 29

What are the symptoms of the onset of VRS and how do you manage it?

Answer 29

Slight vibration plus increasing rate of descent * Drop collective, forward cyclic and fly out of it forward * Vuichard method

Question 30

Describe the Vuichard recovery technique

Answer 30

Traditional Recovery: Traditionally, pilots are taught to reduce power by lowering the collective and accelerating forward to escape the vortex. Vuichard Recovery: The Vuichard recovery technique, developed by Claude Vuichard, aims to minimize altitude loss during recovery by: Increasing Collective: Increase collective to takeoff power to climb. Applying Lateral Cyclic: Simultaneously apply cyclic in the opposite direction of the main rotor's rotation (left cyclic for clockwise rotors) to establish a 15-20 degree bank. Maintaining Heading: Use pedals to maintain heading and counter torque. Lateral Movement: The combination of thrust from the tail rotor and the shallow bank angle produces lateral movement to escape the vortex. Recovery Completion: The recovery is complete when the rotor disc reaches the upwind part of the vortex.

Question 31

How do you know if your helicopter has been released to service following maintenance?

Answer 31

Certified mechanic completes repairs, inspections, and signs off on maintenance release form. A helicopter is considered "released to service" following maintenance when a certified mechanic has completed all necessary repairs, inspections, and documentation, and has signed off on a maintenance release form indicating that the aircraft is airworthy and safe to fly; this form usually includes a "return to service" date and may also have a "next inspection due" date. Key points to look for: Maintenance logbook entry: The completed maintenance tasks and findings should be documented in the aircraft's logbook with the mechanic's signature and certification number. Maintenance release tag: Some operators may also attach a physical tag to the helicopter indicating it has been released to service. Visual inspection: A thorough visual inspection of the helicopter should be conducted to verify that all repairs are complete and no obvious issues remain

Question 32

How would you confirm that your VNCs are current?

Answer 32

Check dates.

Question 33

What is the max fuel you can carry before you exceed the MAUW when all the seats are occupied, with each passenger weighing 90kg?

Answer 33

109 litres 78kgs

Question 34

What is the required number of VHF radios under Part 135 in Class C or D airspace?

Answer 34

Two operational VHF radio. * Part 135 regulations: These regulations generally state that a single operational VHF radio is sufficient for most airspace classifications, including Class C and D, as long as it allows for communication with ATC. * Airspace classifications: Class C and D airspace typically require two-way radio communication with ATC, which can be achieved with a single VHF radio

Question 35

What is the required number of VHF radios under Part 91 in Class C or D airspace?

Answer 35

One operational VHF radio. * According to Part 91, a single operational VHF radio is sufficient to fly in Class C or D airspace, as long as it allows for proper communication with ATC. Important points to remember: * Always check the specific regulations for your region: While the general rule is one VHF radio for Class C and D airspace under Part 91, it's crucial to consult the latest regulations applicable to your location. * Consider additional radios for safety: Although not required by regulation, pilots often choose to carry a second VHF radio for redundancy, especially in complex airspace

Question 36

Under what circumstances are you allowed to fly below 500 ft AGL?

Answer 36

In designated low flying zones. Under what circumstances are you allowed to fly below 500 ft AGL? Low flying refers to any flight at or below 500 feet AGL that may be practised only in designated low flying zones. Flying below the minimum height might be breaking the law. Unless an aircraft has permission, it cannot fly: lower than 1000 feet over suburban areas (such as cities and towns) lower than 500 feet over other areas. **taking off and landing**

Question 37

What are the currency requirements for carrying passengers?

Answer 37

To carry passengers with a PPL(H) in New Zealand, you need a current PPL(H) license, a current Class 2 medical, and to have completed at least 50 hours of helicopter flight time, including 20 hours dual and 15 hours solo. At least **3 take-offs and landings in the same aircraft type within the last 90 days**, or demonstrate competence in take-off and landing to an A or B category instructor. 1. PPL(H) License & Medical: PPL(H) License: You need a Private Pilot License (Helicopter) to act as pilot-in-command for non-fare-paying passengers. Class 2 Medical: You need a current Class 2 medical certificate. Language Proficiency: If you wish to have a language proficiency level endorsed on your license, you must have demonstrated English language proficiency to at least Level 4 (Operational) in all language categories specified in the ICAO Language Proficiency Rating Scale. 2. Flight Experience Requirements: Total Flight Time: You must have completed a minimum of 50 hours of helicopter flight time. Dual Flight Time: At least 20 hours of that time must be flown dual with an instructor. Solo Flight Time: At least 15 hours must be flown solo. PIC Experience: Pilots wishing to carry passengers must have completed a minimum of 25 hours Flight Experience as PIC.

Question 38

What should you do if you hear a nearby aircraft transmitting with a very weak radio?

Answer 38

Ask to repeat, esp if not on 119.10 Ask them to repeat. Inform them that their transmission is weak/unreadable. Also transmit your position, height and track. They may be able to hear you and they may be close

Question 39

What are the allowable 'doors off' configurations for your aircraft?

Answer 39

Operation with one or two door(s) removed is allowed with no additional limitation in the whole flight envelope. Each door is equipped with a restraining strap which enables partial opening for venting purpose. Operation is allowed with no additional limitation with one or two doors unlatched in this way, partially opened, secured by the restraining strap. In all these cases, make sure that all harnesses are buckled and secure all loose objects. Warn passenger to keep head, arms and objects inside the cabin to avoid high velocity airstream. Cockpit hygiene

Question 40

How would you know what is contained in the aircraft first aid kit?

Answer 40

Check it; must be checked every 12 months.

Question 41

What is the Flight Manual procedure for dealing with a fire in the cabin?

Answer 41

Land immediately, turn off cabin heat, use onboard fire extinguisher, evacuate if necessary. According to the Cabri G2 Flight Manual, if a cabin fire is suspected, the pilot should immediately land the aircraft, turn off the cabin heat, and use the onboard fire extinguisher to attempt to contain the fire if possible; if the fire cannot be controlled, evacuate the aircraft as quickly as possible; always prioritize landing the helicopter safely and following the emergency procedures outlined in the manual

Question 42

What are the Pressure and Density Altitudes today? Show workings ...

Answer 42

It is important because when density altitude is high less lift is generated by the rotors for any given power setting than at standard conditions and the power output of the engines is also reduced PA - Altimeter reading at 1013 DA - adjusted for temp on non standard day

Question 43

What is CAR Part 1 that applies to you?

Answer 43

Definitions : Part 1 contains the definitions and abbreviations used in the Civil Aviation Rules but note that some Parts include additional definitions and abbreviations.

Question 44

What is CAR Part 43?

Answer 44

General Maintenance rules

Question 44

What is CAR Part 12?

Answer 44

Part 12 Accidents, Incidents, and Statistics Part 12 is about the notification, investigation, and reporting of accidents and incidents. It also includes requirements for the reporting of aircraft operating and statistical data.

Question 45

What are the reporting requirements for an accident or incident?

Answer 45

* Accident: notify CAA within 10 days * Incident: notify CAA within 14 days Each pilot-in-command of an aircraft that is involved in an accident or, if that person is fatally or seriously injured, or if the aircraft is missing, the operator, shall notify the Authority of the accident as soon as practicable.

Question 45

What is CAR Part 61?

Answer 45

Pilot Licences and ratings

Question 46

How do you determine if you have enough power to land at an altitude higher than where you took off from?

Answer 46

Before you depart. QNH, Temp, DA and PA Once Airborne - Hover power checks a) Before you depart Pressure altitude calculations ( in ground effect..but I would use out of ground effect for margin) for the helicopter at the landing altitude b) Once airborne Hover check at the altitude with plenty of altitude under the helicopter before trying to land

Question 47

What are the rules that apply to refueling your helicopter?

Answer 47

Forbidden in the G2 while engine is running and rotors spinning.

Question 48

What are the rules regarding life jackets when flying over water?

Answer 48

Must be carried beyond gliding distance from shore. If a single-engine aircraft on Air Operations flies more than 10 nm beyond gliding/autorotative distance from shore, they must carry a life raft, wear life jacket, and for helicopters, have flotation gear fitted or wear immersion suit. Readily accessible.

Question 49

What does TM mean on a VNC?

Answer 49

Transponder Mandatory.

Question 50

What does FRQ refer to in weather terms?

Answer 50

Frequent

Question 51

Are you allowed to enter a Danger Area?

Answer 51

Yes, with due consideration of the danger and authority from the controlling authority. Yes, providing due consideration to the nature of the danger has been given and that danger won’t affect the aircrafts safety According to the NZ CAA, you are technically allowed to enter a Danger Area, but only after carefully considering the potential hazards present within it, as entering such an area is at your own risk; you should only do so if absolutely necessary and after due consideration of the danger involved

Question 52

Can you enter a Low Flying Zone for a joyride?

Answer 52

No, you cannot enter a low flying zone unless you have the necessary authorization and are meeting the specific conditions set by the designated authority for that zone; generally, pilots should not enter a low flying zone without proper clearance as it is considered restricted airspace

Question 53

Can you perform a 'lollie drop' for a birthday party?

Answer 53

Yes, if you have made reasonable precautions to ensure no danger to persons or property on the ground


Question 54

What are the met minima for daytime operations at Queenstown Airport?

Answer 54

Distance from cloud. 500ft vertically and 2 km horizontally Visibility 5 km

Question 55

If you have a Night endorsement can you legally carry passengers between the hours of ECT and MCT under Part 135

Answer 55

Under Part 135? Yes To operate at night under Part 135, pilots must hold the appropriate pilot license with a valid night rating, meaning they must have completed the necessary training and meet the required flight time in night conditions

Question 56

If you have a Night endorsement can you legally carry passengers between the hours of ECT and MCT under part 91

Answer 56

Under Part 91? Yes Within Part 91, specific sections detail the required aircraft lights (like position lights, anti-collision lights) and instrumentation needed for night VFR operations

Question 57

What is CAR Part 67?

Answer 57

Part 67 Medical Standards and Certification Part 67 has all the requirements about the issue of medical certificates.

Question 58

What is CAR Part 61?

Answer 58

Part 61 Pilot Licences and Ratings Part 61 prescribes rules relating to the requirements for the issue and holding of pilot licences and ratings, and student pilots. This includes the conditions, privileges, and limitations associated with those licences and ratings, and student pilots.

Question 59

What is CAR Part 91?

Answer 59

Part 91 General Operating and Flight Rules Part 91 is important because it’s the basis of general operating and flight rules in New Zealand.

Question 60

What is CAR Part 119?

Answer 60

Part 119 Air Operator Certification Part 119 stipulates the requirements for operators to become certificated in air transport operations, and commercial transport operations. It also lays out what they need to do, to maintain that certification.

Question 61

What is CAR Part 135?

Answer 61

Part 135 Air Operations Helicopters and Small Aeroplanes Part 135 lays out the requirements a certificated Part 119 airline air operator, or a certificated general aviation air operator must meet to carry out helicopter and small aeroplane operations, using: an aeroplane with a seating configuration of nine seats or less, excluding any required crew member seat; and a MCTOW of 5700 kg or less, except for a single engine aeroplane used for an air operation carrying a passenger under IFR a helicopter.

Question 64

What is Met Minima at Aerodromes (WF)

Answer 64

**Controlled** Day and Night: 1500ft ceiling / 5 km **Uncontrolled** Day: 600ft ceiling / 1500 visibility Night: 1500ft ceiling / 8 km Visibilty.