PPL and BFR

Question 1

What does IMSAFE mean?

Answer 1

Question 2

What is the first check list

Answer 2

Question 3

What is the purpose of legislation in the test?

Answer 3

Objective:
To determine that the candidate demonstrates knowledge of:

(a) The privileges and currency requirements applicable to a Private Pilot Licence – Helicopter; or

(b) The medical requirements applicable to a Private Pilot Licence – Helicopter (as applicable Class Two or DL9).

(c) The contents of the AIP Volumes 1 and 4 and the use of VNCs.

Action:
The examiner/instructor will:

(a) Determine that the candidate has adequate knowledge of the privileges, currency and medical requirements applicable to a Private Pilot Licence – Helicopter (as applicable).

(b) Determine that the candidate has adequate knowledge of the AIP Volumes 1 and 4 and place emphasis on the candidate’s ability to use and interpret the AIP Volume 4.

(c) Determine that the candidate has adequate knowledge of the use of VNCs.

(d) Determine that the candidate has adequate knowledge of the limitations applicable to operating on a DL9 medical (if applicable).

Question 4

Explain the task: Weather and AIP supplements

Answer 4

Objective:
To determine that the candidate:

(a) Exhibits knowledge of aviation weather and flight planning data by obtaining, reading and analysing:

1. Aviation weather including ARFOR’s, TAFs and METARs with associated SPECIs and SIGMETs
2. NOTAMs

(b) Makes a sound go/no-go decision based on the available weather and flight planning data.

Action:
The examiner/instructor will:

(a) Determine that the candidate has obtained all relevant weather and flight planning data relating to the flight test.

(b) Require the candidate to analyse and explain the weather and relevant flight planning data and determine that the candidate’s performance meets the objective.

(c) Place emphasis on the candidate’s ability to interpret the weather and NOTAMs and make a sound go/no go decision.

Question 5

Explain the Task: Helicopter performance

Answer 5

Objective:
To determine that the candidate:

(a) Is able to calculate the helicopter’s power limit for the day and demonstrate knowledge of the effects of seasonal and atmospheric conditions on the helicopter’s hover ceiling.

(b) Makes a sound decision on whether the required performance is within the helicopter’s capability.

(c) Demonstrates knowledge of the height/velocity graph.

Action:
The examiner/instructor will:

(a) Require the candidate to determine the power limit for the day.

(b) Require the candidate to calculate the helicopter’s hover ceiling (in and/or out of ground effect) for the flight test or a hypothetical flight.

(c) Require the candidate to complete the calculations in (a) and (b) together with weight and balance calculations within one hour.

(d) Require the candidate to describe the effects of seasonal conditions on the helicopter’s performance.

(e) Place emphasis on performance calculations and the soundness of the candidate’s judgement in regard to the helicopter’s performance capability and operating limitations.

Question 6

Explain the task of Fuel Management for Cabri

Answer 6

Objective:
To determine that the candidate:

(a) Demonstrates competency in calculating fuel requirements including reserves in accordance with CAR Part 91.

(b) Establishes the fuel quantity on board the helicopter prior to the flight and calculates endurance.

(c) Correctly operates the mixture control for starting in accordance with the helicopter’s flight manual or checklist.

(d) Correctly operates the auxiliary fuel pump (if applicable) in accordance with the helicopter’s flight manual or checklist.

(e) Correctly monitors fuel consumption in flight.

Action:
The examiner/instructor will:

(a) Determine that the candidate can accurately calculate the fuel quantity required for the flight including reserves.

(b) Determine that the candidate can establish the quantity of fuel on board the helicopter and monitor fuel consumption during flight.

(c) Monitor the candidate’s operation of the mixture and fuel pump, both before and during flight, and determine that the candidate’s actions are in accordance with the helicopter flight manual or checklist.

Question 7

Explain the task: Helicopter loading: including fuel, oil & baggage

Answer 7

Objective:
To determine that the candidate:

(a) Exhibits an understanding of helicopter weight limitations and is able to calculate the take-off and landing weight, within the time limit available for “helicopter performance” calculations.

(b) Is able to calculate the helicopter’s weight and balance for take-off and landing and determine that the centre of gravity will remain within limits during all phases of flight.

(c) Understands the principles of load distribution and securing of baggage.

(d) Understands the principals involved in the carriage of external asymmetric loads (if applicable).

Action:
The examiner/instructor will:

(a) Require the candidate to calculate the take-off and landing weight for the flight test, or a hypothetical flight, using data supplied by the examiner.

(b) Require the candidate to calculate the helicopter’s Centre of Gravity position, as loaded for the flight test or hypothetical flight, and determine that the Centre of Gravity is within acceptable limits.

(c) Require the candidate to complete the calculations in (a) and (b), together with performance calculations, within one hour.

(d) Require the candidate to demonstrate knowledge of load distribution and security.

(e) Question the candidate on the carriage of external asymmetric loads (if applicable).

Question 8

Explain the task: Pre Flight

Answer 8

Objective:
To determine that the candidate exhibits adequate knowledge of the helicopter type by explaining or demonstrating the:

(a) Pre-flight interior inspection.

(b) Pre-flight external inspection, including checking of fuel and oil, in accordance with the helicopter’s pilot operating handbook.

(c) Securing of baggage and loose articles.

(d) Location and use of emergency equipment.

Action:
The examiner/instructor will:

(a) Observe the candidate carrying out a pre-flight inspection and determine that the candidate’s performance meets the objectives.

(b) Question the candidate on significant helicopter features.

(c) Question the candidate on the location and use of emergency equipment.

Question 9

Explain the task briefing passenger

Answer 9

Objective:
To determine that the candidate:

(a) Supervises the passenger(s)

(b) Briefs the passenger(s) on:

1. Safe areas for approaching and leaving the helicopter
2. The location and operation of the helicopter’s emergency equipment, including the ELT
3. The use and operation of seat belts and shoulder harness
4. The operation of all doors and hatches
5. Keeping hands, feet and loose belongings clear of controls
6. The conditions under which smoking is permitted
7. The operation of intercommunication equipment
8. The action in the event of an emergency landing and, where appropriate, in the event of ditching

Action:
The examiner/instructor will act in the role of an inexperienced passenger and:

(a) Observe the candidate’s performance to determine that it meets the objectives.

(b) Determine the candidate’s knowledge of passenger briefing requirements through further questioning, as necessary.

Question 10

Explain Task: Engine starting and rotor engagement

Answer 10

Objective:
To determine that the candidate:

(a) Demonstrates knowledge of correct starting procedures, including the use of an external power source (oral examination if applicable).

(b) Starts and warms up the engine in accordance with the helicopter’s flight manual or checklist with emphasis on:

1. Determining that the area is clear and that the helicopter is positioned so as to avoid creating a hazard to persons or property
2. Ensuring main and tail rotor blade clearance and frictions flight controls as necessary
3. Correctly starting the engine and checking engine instruments after start
4. Engaging the clutch, in accordance with the helicopter’s flight manual.

(c) Demonstrates knowledge of the actions required in the event of an engine fire during or after start.

Action:
The examiner/instructor will:

(a) Observe the candidate’s engine start procedure and determine
that the candidate’s performance meets the objectives.

(b) Ask the candidate to explain the actions in the event of an engine fire during or after start (at examiner’s discretion).

Question 11

Explain Task: Engine checks, run-up and operation

Answer 11

Objective:
To determine that the candidate:

(a) Completes the engine ground check and overrun clutch operations in accordance with the checklist.

(b) Prevents helicopter movement during and after ground run.

(c) In the air, operates the collective and throttle smoothly and uses
the carburettor heat (if applicable) in accordance with the helicopter’s flight manual or checklist.

Action:
The examiner/instructor will:

(a) Observe the candidate’s engine handling procedures and determine that the candidate’s performance meets the objectives.

Question 12

Explain Task: Pre lift-off procedures

Answer 12

Objective:
To determine that the candidate:

(a) Carries out pre take-off checks in accordance with the helicopter’s checklist.

(b) Sets the correct QNH or aerodrome elevation (as applicable).

(c) Notes the time prior to lift off.

(d) Carries out an adequate lookout prior to lift-off.

Action:
The examiner/instructor will:

(a) Observe the candidate’s pre take-off checks and determine that the candidate’s performance meets the objectives.

(b) Place emphasis on the setting of the correct QNH or aerodrome elevation (as applicable).

(c) Observe the candidate’s awareness of lift off time.

(d) Place emphasis on the candidate’s lookout prior lift-off.

Question 13

Explain Task: Air Traffic Service procedures

Answer 13

Objective:
To determine that the candidate:

(a) Obtains information from ATIS when appropriate (if available).

(b) Obtains taxiing, take-off and landing clearances and otherwise complies with ATS instructions when appropriate.

(c) Reads back appropriate instructions, information and clearances.

(d) Uses correct aeronautical phraseology at all times with appropriate assertiveness.

Action:
The examiner/instructor will:

(a) Observe and monitor the candidate’s receipt and copying of ATIS information.

(b) Observe and monitor compliance with ATS taxi, take-off and landing clearances and other instructions.

(c) Monitor the candidate’s read back of instructions, information and clearances.

(d) Monitor all transmissions made by the candidate for the

Question 14

Explain Task: Lift-off to hover

Answer 14

Objective:
To determine that the candidate:

(a) Lifts off to the recommended HIGE in headwind, crosswind, and tailwind conditions.

(b) Positions cyclic prior to lift off to compensate for drift.

(c) Establishes a stable hover and maintains RPM, position, hover
height and heading.

(d) Carries out centre of gravity, control response, and power checks.

(e) Avoids prolonged hovering within congested areas and/or conditions that might lead to a loss of tail rotor effectiveness.

Action:
The examiner/instructor will:

(a) Place emphasis on the candidate’s lookout prior to lift-off.

(b) Place emphasis on correct use of cyclic to avoid sideways or rearwards movement.

(c) Place emphasis on maintenance of helicopter position, heading and height in a stable hover.

(d) Place emphasis on maintenance of RPM.

(e) Place emphasis on the candidate’s completion of centre of gravity, control response, and power checks.

(f) Observe the candidate’s avoidance of prolonged hovering within congested areas and/or conditions that might lead to a loss of tail rotor effectiveness.

Question 15

Explain: Task: Hover manoeuvring

Answer 15

Objective:
To determine that the candidate:

(a) Hover taxis over specified ground references, demonstrating forward, sideward, rearward hovering and hover turns with due regard to rotor wash effects.

(b) Maintains a steady taxiing speed at the recommended hover height and maintains the specified ground track within one metre on straight legs and each pivot point during turns, recognising and avoiding hazards.

(c) Makes 180° and 360° pivoting turns with due regard to tail-rotor/main-rotor clearances, stopping within 10° of specified headings.

Action:
The examiner/instructor will:

(a) Observe the candidate’s hover taxiing procedures and determine that the performance meets the objectives and that the candidate is aware of the helicopter’s rotor wash and its effect.

(b) Place emphasis on the candidate’s demonstration of constant taxi speed, height, track and the recognition of hazards.

(c) Place emphasis on the candidate’s lookout, prior to and during turns, including clearing turns as appropriate, and awareness of tail-rotor/main-rotor clearances.

(d) Make allowance for fluctuations

Question 16

Explain: Task: Normal take-off

Answer 16

Objective:
To determine that the candidate:

(a) Ensures the correct take-off direction is being used and the approach path is clear.

(b) Maintains the correct attitude during the lift-off, hover and transition to the normal climb, checking engine instruments and airspeed increasing.

(c) Tracks the take-off direction during transition and climb.

(d) Demonstrates awareness of height/velocity graph requirements.

(e) Shows awareness of noise abatement and obstacle avoidance (as applicable).

Action:
The examiner/instructor will:

(a) Observe the candidate’s demonstration of a normal take-off and determine that the candidate’s performance meets the objectives.

(b) Place emphasis on the candidate’s demonstration of correct airspeed, pitch and track during transition to the climb.

(c) Place emphasis on the candidate’s awareness of height/velocity graph limitations.

(d) Observe the candidate’s noise abatement and obstacle avoidance procedures.

(e) Make allowance for fluctuations due to gusts and turbulence (but not excessively so).

Question 17

Explain Task: Crosswind take-off (at Examiner discretion)

Answer 17

Objective:
To determine that the candidate:

(a) Positions controls appropriately to compensate for crosswind.

(b) Tracks the take-off direction during transition and climb out, compensating for the crosswind component.

(c) Is aware of the significance of wind direction in relation to loss of tail rotor effectiveness.

Note: Crosswind take-off is not an optional task for BFR

Action:
The examiner/instructor will:

(a) Question the candidate on the effect of crosswind component and its significance in relation to the candidate’s personal limits.

(b) If conditions permit, observe the candidate’s demonstration of a crosswind take-off and determine that the candidate’s performance meets the objective.

(c) Place emphasis on the candidate’s control positioning and allowance for drift.

(d) Place emphasis on the candidate’s demonstration of correct airspeed, pitch and heading control.

(e) Make allowance for fluctuations due to gusts and turbulence (but not excessively so).

Question 18

Explain Task: Limited power (cushion creep) take-off

Answer 18

Objective: To determine that the candidate is capable of:
(a) Taking off when the power margin is insufficient to allow a normal take-off to be carried out.

(b) Ensuring that RPM and power limitations are not exceeded.

(c) Correct use of cyclic, collective and pedals during transition to forward speed.

(d) Modifying the climb speed for the conditions and re-evaluating the advisability of continuing.

(e) Maintaining direction and attitude.

Action:
The examiner/instructor will:

(a) Determine the power required for the hover and limit the candidate’s power available as necessary to simulate a limited power margin.

(b) Observe the demonstration of a cushion-creep take-off and determine that the candidate’s performance meets the objective.

(c) Place emphasis on the candidate’s correct use of cyclic, collective and pedals during transition to forward speed.

(d) Place emphasis on the candidate’s assessment of an appropriate climb speed for the conditions and any obstacle clearance requirements.

(e) Place emphasis on the candidate’s demonstration of attitude and directional control and make allowance for fluctuations due to turbulence (but not excessively so).

Surface
Obstructions
Power available
Lift to hover
Limited Power
Translation
Forward IAS 50-60 kts
Climb away

Question 19

Explain Task: Limited power (running) take-off

Answer 19

Objective: To determine that the candidate is capable of;

(a) Taking off when power available is insufficient to maintain a sustained hover.

(b) Ensuring that RPM and power limitations are not exceeded.

(c) Correct use of collective, cyclic and pedals during transition to forward speed, and achieving positive ground separation at translation.

(d) Modifying the climb speed for the conditions and re-evaluating the advisability of continuing.

(e) Maintaining direction and attitude.

Action:
The examiner/instructor will:

(a) Determine the power required for the hover and limit the power available as appropriate to simulate a limited power margin.

(b) Observe the demonstration of a running take-off and determine that the candidate’s performance meets the objective.

(c) Place emphasis on the candidate’s correct use of cyclic, collective and pedals during transition to forward speed.

(d) Place emphasis on the candidate’s assessment of an appropriate climb speed for the conditions, assessment of obstacle clearance and the advisability of continuing with the take-off.

(e) Place emphasis on the candidate’s demonstration of attitude and directional control and make allowance for fluctuations due to turbulence (but not excessively so).

Surface
Obstacles
Limited power
Skids strait, Control with pedals
Forward cyclic
Translation
Increase IAS 50-60 kts

Question 20

Explain Task: Towering take-off

Answer 20

Objective:
To determine that the candidate is capable of:

(a) Carrying out a take-off at the maximum angle.

(b) Assessing the power available against that required for take-off and climb.

(c) Utilising all the available area, ensuring that maximum RPM is achieved, and engine instrument readings are acceptable prior to take-off.

(d) Modifying the climb angle for the conditions and evaluating the advisability of continuing.

(e) Utilising the recommended speed (Vx) for maximum angle of climb.

(f) Transitioning to normal climb attitude, airspeed ± 10 knots, and power setting after clearing all obstacles.

Action:
The examiner/instructor will:

(a) Observe the demonstration of a towering take-off and determine that the candidate’s performance meets the objective.

(b) Place emphasis on the candidate’s assessment of power requirement and availability (power check).

(c) Place emphasis on the candidate’s assessment of appropriate climb angle and speed for the conditions.

(d) Place emphasis on the candidate’s demonstration of attitude, heading and airspeed control and make allowances for fluctuations due to turbulence (but not excessively so).

Question 21

Explain Task: Climbing

Answer 21

Objective:
To determine that the candidate is capable of:

(a) Maintaining the nominated climb attitude and speed ± 10 knots.

(b) Maintaining the climb heading ± 10 degrees.

(c) Maintaining the nominated climb power.

(d) Correct use of trim (if applicable).

Action:
The examiner/instructor will:

(a) Nominate the type of climb to be demonstrated.

(b) Place emphasis on the candidate’s demonstration of airspeed, heading and balance control.

(c) Place emphasis on the candidate’s ability to maintain a constant power setting.

(d) Ensure the helicopter is trimmed for the climb attitude (if applicable).

(e) Make allowance for airspeed fluctuations due to gusts and turbulence (but not excessively so).

Question 22

Explain Task: Straight and level

Answer 22

Objective:
To determine that the candidate is capable of:

(a) Achieving and maintaining straight and level flight at a nominated altitude ± 100 feet.

(b) Maintaining a heading ± 10°.

(c) Trimming the helicopter to maintain straight and level flight (if applicable).

Action:
The examiner/instructor will:

(a) Nominate the altitude at which level flight will be entered and maintained.

(b) Nominate the heading to be maintained.

(c) Place emphasis on the candidate’s demonstration of altitude, heading and balance control.

(d) Ensure the helicopter is trimmed for level flight (if applicable).

(e) Make allowance for fluctuations due to turbulence (but not excessively so).

Best RoC for Cabri 50 - 55kts

Question 23

Explain Task: Medium turns

Answer 23

Objective:
To determine that the candidate:

(a) Enters, maintains, and exits from turning manoeuvres with smooth and coordinated control applications, maintaining altitude ± 100 feet and less than a ¼ ball deflection in balance.

(b) Maintains situational awareness and orientation through lookout and the selection of a suitable reference point.

Action:
The examiner/instructor will:

(a) Place emphasis on the candidate’s lookout.

(b) Require the candidate to demonstrate a 30-degree angle of bank level turn through at least 180° both left and right.

(c) Place emphasis on the candidate’s procedure for clearing the flight path ahead of the aircraft.

(d) Observe the candidate’s performance and determine that it meets the objectives.

set up 3000 ft / 70 kts
Reference point
Clear to turn
30 degrees
70 kts
100 ft +/-

Question 24

Explain Task: Steep turns

Answer 24

Task: Steep turns
Objective:
To determine that the candidate:

(a) Enters, maintains, and exits from turning manoeuvres with smooth and coordinated control applications, maintaining altitude ± 100 feet.

(b) Increases power at bank angles in excess of 30 degrees.

(c) Maintains situational awareness and orientation through lookout and the selection of a good reference point.

Action:
The examiner/instructor will:

(a) Place emphasis on the candidate’s lookout.

(b) Require the candidate to demonstrate a 45-degree angle of bank level turn through 360° both left and right.

(c) Observe the candidate’s performance and determine that it meets the objectives.

Set up 3000 ft / 70 kts
Reference point
Clear to turn
45 degrees
70 kts
100 ft +/-
Roll out

Question 25

Explain Task: Magnetic compass headings

Answer 25

Objective: To determine that, in level flight, the candidate is capable of: (a) Maintaining a compass heading ± 10 degrees. (b) Turning onto a compass heading, initially ± 20 degrees, reducing to ± 10 degrees after two corrections. Action: The examiner/instructor will: (a) Obscure the DI. (b) Place emphasis on the candidate’s lookout. (c) Nominate the compass heading to be turned onto and maintained. (d) Observe the candidate’s performance and determine that it meets the objectives. ONUS **0 - 30 30 - 20 60 - 10 90 - 0** 120 - 10 150 - 20 180 - 30 210 - 20 240 - 10 270 - 0 **300 - 10 330 - 20 360 - 30**

Question 26

Explain: Task: Straight-in autorotation

Answer 26

Objective: To determine that the candidate: (a) Executes an appropriate emergency procedure in the event of power failure into wind. (b) Establishes autorotation speed ± 10 knots. (c) Maintains rotor RPM within normal limits (critical element). (d) Coordinates cyclic, collective and anti-torque pedal with power, recovering to a low hover or hover taxi. Action: The examiner/instructor will: (a) Initiate the power failure at altitude (examiner discretion) (b) Ensure the exercise is carried out without risk to the helicopter or crew, and ATS is aware of the simulated emergency. (c) Observe the candidate’s actions and determine that they meet the objectives. (d) Place emphasise on the candidate’s control of speed. (e) Place emphasis on the candidate’s control of rotor RPM (critical element). (f) Place emphasis on the candidate’s technique and recovery to a level attitude, into wind, in a level hover or hover taxi. **SET UP 2100 / 70 kts** **Drop Collection Attitude IAS 60 kts RPM Flare Fully develop Straighten Power**

Question 27

Explain: Task: 180-degree autorotation

Answer 27

Objective: To determine that the candidate: (a) Executes an appropriate emergency procedure in the event of power failure. (b) Allows for wind and varies the flight path, RPM and/or IAS appropriately. (c) Maintains rotor RPM within normal limits (critical element). (d) Coordinates cyclic, collective and anti-torque pedal with power, recovering to a low hover or hover taxi within 30 metres of the selected aiming point. Action: The examiner/instructor will: (a) Nominate the aiming point and initiate or allow the candidate to initiate (at examiner discretion), the simulated power failure. (b) Ensure the exercise is carried out without risk to helicopter or crew, and ATS is aware of the simulated emergency. (c) Observe the candidate’s actions and determine that they meet the objectives. (d) Place emphasise on the candidate’s control of speed and balance. (e) Place emphasis on the candidate’s control of rotor RPM and re-establishment of the recommended IAS prior to the flare. (f) Place emphasis on the candidate’s compensation for wind to avoid undershooting or overshooting. (g) Place emphasis on the candidate’s recovery to a level attitude into wind, in a hover within the required distance from the aiming point. **SET UP 2100 / 70 kts Down Wind** **Drop Collection Attitude IAS 60 kts Turn / Level Check IAS /RPM Turn RPM Flare Fully develop Straighten Power**

Question 28

Explain: Task: Quick stops

Answer 28

Objective: To determine that the candidate is capable of: (a) Performing a quick stop from approximately 50 knots, both into and out of wind, at a constant height and terminating into wind. (b) Maintaining RPM and height within limits. (c) Coordinating controls throughout the manoeuvre. (d) Maintaining heading ± 10° throughout the manoeuvre (if applicable). (e) Terminating in a level, stationary hover momentarily prior to descending to the recommended HIGE. Action: The examiner/instructor will: (a) Nominate a commencement height that ensures tail rotor clearance. (b) Nominate the commencement airspeed and start of the manoeuvre. (c) Observe the candidate’s performance and determine that it meets the objective. (d) Place emphasis on the candidate’s maintenance of height, heading (where applicable) and RPM coordination. (e) Place emphasis on termination of the manoeuvre into wind. (f) Place emphasis on the candidate’s recovery to HIGE once the helicopter is level and stationery. **Set up into Wind / 50 kts / 50 ft** Drop collective / aft cyclic Hold height Power in Pedal**

Question 29

Explain: Task: Low flying

Answer 29

Objective: To determine that the candidate: (a) Maintains an adequate lookout for wires and other obstacles (critical element). (b) Ensures the area is clear prior to entry and descends with due consideration to obstacles. (c) Is capable of maintaining constant height ± 25′ whilst contour flying with correct use of collective and cyclic controls. (d) Maintains the nominated airspeed, ± 10 knots, whilst allowing for drift and ground speed changes. Action: The examiner/instructor will: (a) Nominate the airspeed to be maintained, and height AGL to be flown. (b) Observe the candidate’s low flying technique and determine that the candidate’s performance meets the objectives. (c) Place emphasis on the candidate’s height, attitude and airspeed control throughout all manoeuvres. LFZ 962 ft Altimeter 1462 = 500 ft

Question 30

Explain: Task: Mountainous terrain awareness

Answer 30

Objective: To determine that the candidate can: (a) Determine the wind direction (critical element) and carry out a circuit and approach terminating in a hover or landing on a ridge or knoll. (b) Carry out an approach to a hover or landing at a point in a valley with no natural horizon. (c) Demonstrate level turns within a valley with no natural horizon. Action: The examiner/instructor will: (a) Nominate a suitable landing site on a ridge or knoll. (b) Observe the candidate’s assessment of wind direction and circuit to a hover, or landing (at examiner discretion) on a ridge or knoll to determine that the candidate’s performance meets the objective. (c) Nominate a position in a valley (with no natural horizon) and observe the candidate’s approach to a hover, or landing (at examiner discretion) and determine that the candidate’s performance meets the objective. (d) Require the candidate to carry out turns left and right in a valley (with no natural horizon) and observe the candidate’s performance to determine that it meets the objective. NB: This item may be omitted from the issue flight test, at the examiner’s discretion, if an A or B Category Instructor has certified the candidate’s logbook that the minimum PPL standard has been met.

Question 31

Explain Task: Slope operations

Answer 31

Objective: To determine that the candidate can: (a) Select a suitable landing area with consideration to slope, approach, wind, and passenger disembarkation. (b) Land across the slope with smooth, positive descent to touch the up-slope skid, or landing gear, on the surface. (c) Maintain positive control while lowering the down-slope skid or landing gear to complete the landing. (d) Recognise when the slope is too steep and abandon the operation prior to reaching cyclic control stops. (e) Make a smooth transition from the slope to a stabilised hover and move away from the slope correctly. (f) Maintain the specified heading ± 10° throughout the manoeuvre. (g) Recognise hazards involved in slope operations. Action: The examiner/instructor will: (a) Observe the candidate’s execution of a slope landing and lift off and determine that the candidate’s performance meets the objectives. (b) Determine that the candidate has adequate knowledge of the hazards involved in slope operations (ground resonance, dynamic rollover, passenger safety) through further oral questioning as applicable.

Question 32

Explain: Task: Confined area operations

Answer 32

Objective: To determine that the candidate: (a) Can enter, leave and operate within a confined area (being an area with a diameter equal to 3 times the helicopter length). (b) Carries out a reconnaissance and considers power required/available, density altitude, wind direction, terrain, obstructions, size, shape and surface of the area. (c) Considers effects of loss of headwind, wind shear and turbulence on approach. (d) Selects a suitable circuit with consideration of a decision point for overshoot if necessary. (e) Establishes and maintains an appropriate approach profile and arrives at the aiming point (within ± 1 metre) on the surface, or in a stabilised hover. (f) Operates at a safe hover height and maintains adequate tail and main rotor clearance (critical element). (g) Is aware of the hazards of recirculation. Action: The examiner/instructor will: (a) Nominate the confined area. (b) Observe the candidate’s approach to, operation within and exit from, the confined area with emphasis on approach path, go-round point and obstacle clearance and determine that the candidate’s performance meets the objectives. (c) Ensure the candidate has adequate knowledge of the hazards of recirculation through further oral questioning as applicable. **Set up 500 ft / 1400 ft Altimeter / 50 kts Power Check / Power available / Power Requires Size / Shape / Slope / Surface / Silly stuff People and FOD Wind / Way in / Way out / Wires / Approach** **Always a go around until all checked off**

Question 33

Explain Task: Descent

Answer 33

Objective: To determine that the candidate is capable of: (a) Maintaining the nominated descent attitude and speed ± 10 knots. (b) Maintaining the descent heading ± 10 degrees. (c) Using appropriate descent power for the conditions. (d) Correct use of carburettor heat and trim (if applicable). Action: The examiner/instructor will: (a) Observe the candidate’s descent procedures and determine they meet the objective. (b) Place emphasis on the candidate’s demonstration of airspeed, heading and balance control. (c) Ensure the helicopter is trimmed for the descent attitude (if applicable). (d) Place emphasis on the candidate’s monitoring and control of power and RPM to achieve a steady descent. (e) Make allowance for airspeed fluctuations due to turbulence (but not excessively so). **WIND AIRSPEED RATE OF DECENT VRS**

Question 34

Explain Task: Joining the circuit

Answer 34

Objective: To determine that the candidate: (a) Obtains the necessary ATS clearances where appropriate. (b) Carries out the nominated circuit joining procedure in accordance with the recommended procedures, or ATS requirements where appropriate. (c) Demonstrates an acceptable level of situational awareness. (d) Completes the required joining/downwind checklist (if a downwind leg will not be flown). Action: The examiner/instructor will: (a) Observe the candidate’s circuit joining procedure and determine that the candidate’s performance meets the objective. (b) Place emphasis on the candidate’s maintaining proper spacing from other traffic and compliance with ATS clearances (if applicable). (c) Place emphasis on the candidate’ compliance with, or avoidance of, the aeroplane traffic circuit at unattended aerodromes. (d) Place emphasis on the candidate’s level of situational awareness.

Question 35

Explain: Task: Normal circuit, approach and landing

Answer 35

Objective: To determine that the candidate is capable of: (a) Carrying out a normal circuit and approach to land. (b) Controlling airspeed/ground speed to maintain an approach to a stabilised IGE hover at a nominated point. (c) Establishing and maintaining the recommended approach angle and proper rate of closure. (d) Carrying out a normal approach to a hover in ground effect, to within one metre of the designated aiming point. (e) Maintaining awareness of the possibility of wind shear, wake turbulence or vortex ring state (settling with power). Action: The examiner/instructor will: (a) Nominate the landing point. (b) Observe the candidate’s demonstration of a normal circuit and approach to an in-ground effect hover and determine that the candidate’s performance meets the objectives. (c) Place emphasis on the circuit pattern, altitude, checks and compliance with ATS clearances. (d) Place emphasis on a stabilised approach profile and airspeed/ground speed control. (e) Place emphasis on the candidate coming to an IGE hover within one metre of the designated aiming point. (f) Place emphasis on the avoidance of situations that could lead to the onset of vortex ring state.

Question 36

Explain Task: Limited power (running) landing

Answer 36

Objective: To determine that the candidate is capable of: (a) Carrying out a run-on landing to a pre-selected touch down point utilising maximum RPM, and without exceeding nominated power. (b) Establishing and maintaining a shallow approach angle and proper rate of closure taking into consideration obstacles and other hazards. (c) Touching down at no more than 10 knots groundspeed with skids level and parallel with the ground track. (d) Correct use of collective/cyclic after touchdown. Action: The examiner/instructor will: (a) Nominate the touch down point and maximum power to be used. (b) Observe the candidate’s demonstration of a run-on landing and determine that the candidate’s performance meets the objective. (c) Place emphasis on a stabilised shallow approach profile and airspeed/ground speed control. (d) Place emphasis on clearance of obstacles in the approach path at the nominated obstacle clearance speed. (e) Place emphasis on soft ground contact not above 10 knots, and correct use of collective for braking and maintenance of RPM after touchdown. **10 Knots Straight Level Friction to stop**

Question 37

Explain Task: Zero speed landing

Answer 37

Objective: To determine that the candidate is capable of: (a) Making an approach to a nominated spot to land with zero ground speed, without hover and without exceeding the nominated power limitation. (b) Considering the effect of wind conditions, landing surface and obstacles on approach. (c) Establishing and maintaining a stable approach angle and rate of closure. (d) Controlling the rate of descent with power to a nominated touch down point. (e) Avoids situations that could result in vortex ring state (settling with power). Action: The examiner/instructor will: (a) Nominate the power limit for the approach and the touch down point. (b) Observe the candidate’s demonstration of a zero-speed landing and determine that the candidate’s performance meets the objectives. (c) Place emphasis on a stabilised approach profile and achievement of the zero-target speed with soft ground contact. (d) Place emphasis on the candidate reaching the nominated aiming point ± one metre. (e) Place emphasis on the avoidance of situations that could lead to the onset of vortex ring state. **Set up 60 kts / 40 % Power Fly the Wire to my point**

Question 38

Explain: Task: Go-round

Answer 38

Objective: To determine that the candidate: (a) Demonstrates knowledge of when it is necessary to go-round during an approach to land. (b) Makes a timely decision to discontinue the approach to land. Action: The examiner/instructor will: (a) Call for a go-round during at least one approach from not less than 50′ above any obstacles. (b) Observe the candidate’s performance and determine that it meets the objectives. (c) Place emphasis on appropriate control inputs to stop descent and initiate the climb. (d) Place emphasis on the candidate maintaining a proper ground track with crosswind correction where necessary. (e) Place emphasis on transition to normal climb airspeed ± 10 knots when clear of obstacles.

Question 39

Explain: Task: Steep approach

Answer 39

Objective: To determine that the candidate: (a) Considers factors related to a steep approach, including the height/velocity chart. (b) Considers power available, density altitude, wind, terrain, obstructions, and landing surface. (c) Selects a suitable touch down point and go/no go decision point. (d) Establishes and maintains a suitable approach angle (15° maximum). (e) Avoids situations that could result in vortex ring state (settling with power) and remains aware of the possibility of wind shear. Action: The examiner/instructor will: (a) Observe the candidate’s steep approach and determine that the candidate’s performance meets the objective. (b) Place emphasis on the candidate’s control of the descent profile. (c) Place emphasis on the candidate’s obstacle clearance procedure. (d) Determine that the candidate makes an appropriate decision to continue or discontinue the approach. (e) Place emphasis on the candidate’s arrival at the pre-selected touch down point, on the surface or in a stabilised hover, ± 1 metre.

Question 40

Explain: Task: Engine failure in the hover

Answer 40

Objective: To determine that the candidate: (a) Performs a landing from a stationary hover at not more than the recommended HIGE height, into wind. (b) Maintains the established heading ± 30°. (c) Touches down with no sideward, or rearward movement. Action: The examiner/instructor will: (a) Simulate emergencies without risk to the helicopter or crew and ensure that ATS is aware of the simulated emergency. (b) Select a suitable flat, obstacle-free area. (c) Simulate an engine failure by reducing power and closing the throttle. (d) Observe the candidate’s subsequent actions and determine that they meet the objectives. (e) Place emphasis on the candidate’s control of the helicopter. (f) Place emphasis on the candidate’s ability to cushion the landing and maintain a constant heading. **Set up in 5 ft hover Pedals Pause Power**

Question 41

Explain Task: Shut down

Answer 41

Objective: To determine that the candidate: (a) Shuts down in accordance with the helicopter’s flight manual. (b) Briefs and supervises the passenger(s) on leaving the helicopter. (c) Parks the helicopter in accordance with recommended procedures. (d) Completes post flight documentation. Action: The examiner/instructor will: (a) Act in the role of an inexperienced passenger; and (b) Observe the candidate’s performance to determine that it meets the objectives. (c) Determine the candidate’s knowledge of passenger briefing, helicopter parking and securing requirements through further questioning as necessary.

Question 42

Explain Task: Emergencies and hazards

Answer 42

Objective: To determine that the candidate: (a) Can demonstrate the procedures to be adopted in the event of emergencies in the following areas (if applicable to type): hydraulic failure; recovery from low rotor RPM; recovery from vortex ring state. (b) Has knowledge of the causes and action to be taken in the event of emergencies in the following areas applicable to the helicopter in use: tail rotor emergencies including un-commanded yaw; dynamic rollover; ground resonance; low G condition; smoke and/or fire; flight controls or trim failures (c) Analyses the situation and takes action appropriate to the helicopter being used for the practical test. Action: The examiner/instructor will: (a) Question the candidate on the procedure to be adopted in the event of emergencies applicable to the helicopter type. (b) Simulate emergencies (when applicable) without risk to the helicopter or crew. (c) Ensure that ATS is aware of simulated emergencies (as applicable). (d) Observe the candidate’s subsequent actions and determine that they meet the objectives. (e) Place emphasis on the candidate’s control of the helicopter (critical element).

Question 43

Explain: Task: Threat and error management

Answer 43

Objective: To ensure that the candidate: (a) Exhibits competent threat and error management techniques during the demonstration. Action: The examiner will: (a) Assess the candidate’s threat and error management techniques through observation of situational awareness, decision making and human factors considerations. (b) Simulate operational and/or systems failures (as appropriate) to assess the candidate’s threat and error management. (c) Orally question (as required) the candidate’s decision-making process to assess threat and error management.

Question 44

Explain: Task: Radiotelephony tuning and procedures

Answer 44

Objective: To determine that the candidate: (a) Listens to communications from ground stations and other aircraft. (b) Uses the helicopter’s radio to communicate clearly and concisely. (c) Uses correct aeronautical phraseology at all times. Action: The examiner/instructor will: (a) Monitor the candidate’s communications and determine that the candidate’s performance meets the objectives. (b) Place emphasis on the use of standard phraseology.

Question 45

Explain: Task: Lookout (critical task)

Answer 45

Objective: To determine that the candidate: (a) Maintains a lookout both on the ground and in the air for collision avoidance and separation from other aircraft (critical element). (b) Remains in VMC to comply with Visual Flight Rules (critical element). (c) Maintains situational awareness (critical element). Action: The examiner/instructor will: (a) Observe the candidate’s performance and determine that it meets the objectives. (b) Require the candidate to report on the position of other aircraft. **Situation awareness Clear to turn Repeat last transmission**

Question 46

Explain Task: Flight orientation

Answer 46

Objective: To determine that the candidate: (a) Demonstrates familiarity with airspace boundaries including control zones, Kopter lanes and reporting points. (b) Can identify airspace boundaries and reporting points by use of map reading or local knowledge. Action: The examiner/instructor will: (a) Observe the candidate’s navigational procedures and determine that the candidate’s performance meets the objectives. (b) Question the candidate to additionally determine knowledge of local airspace (as applicable).

Question 47

Explain Task: Pilot judgement

Answer 47

Objective: To determine that the candidate: (a) Demonstrates adequate pilot judgement skills. Action: The examiner/instructor will: (a) Observe the candidate’s performance of pilot judgement and decision making in relation to helicopter operation and procedures and determine that the candidate’s demonstration meets the objective.