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502 Research Methods > Bias > Flashcards

Bias Flashcards

1
Q

What are the older brain wants?

A

Avoid danger
Seek pleasure (dopamine)
Conserve resources

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2
Q

What are the newer brain wants?

A

Control
Understanding/meaning

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3
Q

The older brain wants can be related to

A

Survival

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4
Q

The newer brain wants can be related to

A

Learning and manipulation

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5
Q

There are two type of learning pathways one is ___ while the other is ____

A

Long, effortful, intentional/reflective
Quick, easy, automatic/reactive

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6
Q

Learning pathway 1 involves four steps, what are these steps?

A
  1. Sensory experience
  2. Integration
  3. Prediction
  4. Testing predictions
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7
Q

In learning pathway 1, the four steps correlate to different parts of the brain. What are they?

A
  1. Sensory experience: Occipital lobe
  2. Temporal integration of new data with past knowledge: temporal lobe
  3. Prediction drives action: frontal lobe
  4. Testing predictions generates feedback for a new learning cycle (frontal lobe)
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8
Q

Learning pathway 1 takes a lot of __ and is associated with a ____ mindset

A

Effort, growth

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9
Q

Learning pathway #2 involves what details

A

Sensory experience
Past knowledge is not updated/reorganized
Past knowledge drives action and future sensory experience

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10
Q

What parts of the brain are activated during learning pathway #2?

A

Sensory and temporal areas

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11
Q

Which learning pathway is more susceptible to bias? Why?

A

Learning pathway #2
Our tools to mitigate bias are in the frontal lobe which is not activated during this pathway

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12
Q

Learning pathway #2 is associated with a ____ mindset

A

Fixed

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13
Q

What is bias?

A

Assuming that something will happen based on a series of past experiences
Subjective perceptions based on past knowledge acquired through cognitive shortcuts that optimize speed & ease > time & effort

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14
Q

Why is bias persistent?

A

Because past knowledge is persistent
It takes time, effort, and willingness to update previously held views/beliefs

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15
Q

What are the types of biases that SLPs should know?

A

Confirmation bias
Primacy and Recency
Dunning-Krueger
Group-think
Cultural/implicit

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16
Q

What is the Dunning Kruger effect?

A

When we don’t know enough about something, we are susceptible to thinking we know a lot about that thing
The more you know, the more you don’t know
Compares skill or reality and our perception of our skills in reality

17
Q

What is group think and in-group biases?

A

If you are in a group of people and you are exposed to them a lot
You are likely to adopt the thoughts of the group if you think you are going to be ostracized if you don’t think like them
Questioning the beliefs requires the frontal lobe involved in the prediction step of learning

18
Q

What is cultural/implicit bias?

A

Assuming someone from a particular culture fits a particular stereotype
Cognitive shortcut because someone has been identified as different
We are evolutionarily conditioned to be scared of what is different
Quick assumptions based on stereotypes

19
Q

What is primacy and recency?

A

Primacy: the first time we are exposed to something is the way that things is forever
Recency: the last way we were exposed to something is the way that it is for the rest of time

20
Q

What outweighs what? Primacy or recency?

A

Primacy outweighs recency

21
Q

What is confirmation bias?

A

Occurs at sensory to integration stage at the temporal lobe
How existing knowledge affects how we perceive sensory information
We are more likely to believe something if we agree with it
Seeking out information that aligns with what we already believe

22
Q

How do biases impact our perceptions and behavior?

A

Increases the likelihood that we will believe a non-truth as fact
Beliefs in non-truths influences the way we act on & perceive the world and each other
Biases are associated with increased likelihood of diagnostic error

23
Q

What are some biases that SLPs have that influence their practice?

A

Negative attitudes toward non-standard dialects
Implicit biases against immigrants
Associated accents with lower outcomes and decreased physical appearance
Low SES predicted differences in recommended parent training provided by SLPs

24
Q

Most SLPs are ___ culturally, ethnically, or linguistically diverse

A

NOT

25
Q

How can clinicians individually mitigate their biases?

A

Reflect on own biases and how they connect to behavior
Increase social interactions with culturally and linguistically diverse clients and families
Critical appraisal of own practice
Greater intention = decreased risk of bias

26
Q

How can clinicians collectively mitigate their biases?

A

Participate in communities of practice
Encourage a culture of critical collaborative discourse
Peer appraisal of clinical practices
Patient/family appraisal of clinical practices
Seek out expert-mentored training and experiences

27
Q

What is internal validity?

A

Extent to which the observed results of a study represent the truth in the population that is being studied

28
Q

What is external validity?

A

The extent to which the findings of a study can be generalized to other situations, people, settings, and measures

29
Q

What is reliability?

A

The degree to which research methods produce stable and consistent results

30
Q

What are independent variables?

A

The variable that is manipulated, controlled, or varied during research to explore its effects

31
Q

What are dependent variables?

A

The variable that is being measure or tested in an experiment

32
Q

What is statistical significance?

A

Determination that the results in the data are not explainable by chance alone

33
Q

What is effect size

A

Magnitude of experimental effect
Larger effect size = stronger relationship between two variables

502 Research Methods (5 decks)

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