Biases Flashcards
(25 cards)
What is bias in the context of psychology?
Bias refers to a systematic deviation from rationality or objectivity in judgment or decision-making.
True or False: Cognitive bias can affect decision-making processes.
True
Fill in the blank: ____ bias occurs when individuals favor information that confirms their pre-existing beliefs.
Confirmation
What type of bias involves overestimating the importance of information that is readily available?
Availability bias
Multiple Choice: Which of the following is an example of anchoring bias?
A) Relying heavily on the first piece of information encountered
B) Ignoring evidence that contradicts your beliefs
C) Making decisions based on emotions
D) Overvaluing recent information
A) Relying heavily on the first piece of information encountered
What is the main characteristic of self-serving bias?
It is the tendency to attribute positive outcomes to oneself and negative outcomes to external factors.
True or False: Hindsight bias is the tendency to see events as having been predictable after they have already occurred.
True
Fill in the blank: The ____ effect describes the tendency to evaluate people more favorably based on one positive trait.
Halo
What is groupthink bias?
Groupthink bias is when a group prioritizes consensus over critical evaluation, leading to poor decision-making.
Multiple Choice: Which bias leads individuals to believe they are less likely to experience negative events than others?
A) Optimism bias
B) Confirmation bias
C) Anchoring bias
D) Hindsight bias
A) Optimism bias
What is the Dunning-Kruger effect?
It is a cognitive bias where individuals with low ability at a task overestimate their ability.
True or False: The framing effect occurs when different presentations of the same information lead to different interpretations.
True
Fill in the blank: ____ bias refers to the tendency to be influenced by the way information is presented rather than the information itself.
Framing
What is the difference between implicit and explicit bias?
Implicit bias refers to unconscious attitudes or stereotypes, while explicit bias refers to conscious beliefs or attitudes.
Multiple Choice: Which type of bias involves favoring one’s own group over others?
A) In-group bias
B) Out-group bias
C) Confirmation bias
D) Availability bias
A) In-group bias
What is the placebo effect in relation to bias?
The placebo effect is a bias where a person experiences a perceived improvement in condition due to believing they are receiving treatment.
True or False: The bandwagon effect is a form of bias where individuals adopt beliefs because they perceive others are doing so.
True
Fill in the blank: ____ bias occurs when individuals rely heavily on the first piece of information they encounter.
Anchoring
What is motivated reasoning in the context of bias?
Motivated reasoning is the tendency to process information in a way that aligns with one’s desires or preferences.
Multiple Choice: Which term describes the bias where people see patterns in random events?
A) Clustering illusion
B) Self-serving bias
C) Availability heuristic
D) Confirmation bias
A) Clustering illusion
What is the impact of bias on scientific research?
Bias can lead to flawed methodologies, skewed data interpretation, and ultimately unreliable conclusions in research.
True or False: All biases are negative and should be completely eliminated.
False
Fill in the blank: The ____ fallacy is the belief that correlation implies causation.
Post hoc
What is the role of cognitive dissonance in bias?
Cognitive dissonance can lead individuals to alter their beliefs or perceptions to reduce discomfort from conflicting information.
