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Biology 10 ib > BIG BIO REVIEW > Flashcards

BIG BIO REVIEW Flashcards

(120 cards)

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1
Q

Cell theory

A

All cells come from pre-existing cells
Cells are the smallest unit of life
All living organisms are made up of one or more cells

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2
Q

Spontaneous generation

A

The formation of living organisms from non-living matter

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3
Q

Louis Pasteur

A

1880, debunked spontaneous generation with the swan flask experiment

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4
Q

Prokaryotic cell diagram

A

plasmids
ribosomes 70s
philia
flagellum
nucleoid/DNA
cytoplasm
plasma membrane
cell wall
capsule

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5
Q

Plasma membranes role in the cell

A

protective function, controls what goes into and out of the a cell

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6
Q

flagella

A

allows cell mobility

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7
Q

pili

A

hair like growths for attachment (especially during sexual reproduction)

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8
Q

cell wall

A

protects ands maintains the shape, not in animal cells

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9
Q

ribosomes

A

scattered throughout the cytoplasm and function in protein synthesis
a.k.a the work bench
can float free in cytoplasm or attached to rough ER

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10
Q

nucleoid region

A

genetic material that is not enclosed in a membrane

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11
Q

plasmids

A

very small rings of DNA

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12
Q

All living organisms exchanges ___ and ____ through the ____

A

waste and nutrients through the plasma membrane

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13
Q

complex structural configuration of the plasma membrane

A

fluid mosaic model

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14
Q

plasma membrane is composed of a special molecule called

A

phosphlipid

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15
Q

phospholipid is constructed of

A

hydrophilic head, hydrophobic tail

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16
Q

hydrogen bonds

A

the tendency water has to form hydrogen bombs, which maintains the overall structure of the membrane

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17
Q

phospholipids unique polarity causes them to

A

form a bilayer if they are present in a water environment

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18
Q

what cells have cholesterol randomly embedded within the membrane

A

animal cells `

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19
Q

cholesterol does what to the movement of phospholipid molecules

A

cholesterol prevents the movement of phospholipid molecules, therefore it reduces the fluidity of the membrane

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20
Q

cholesterol reduces

A

the fluidity of the membrane,
the permeability of the membrane to hydrophilic particles

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21
Q

three components of plasma membrane structure

A

protein, cholesterol, phospholipids

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22
Q

Cytosol (Cytoplasm)
Where is it found in the cell?
What does it do?
What is it made of?

A

A semi-fluid matrix located between the plasma membrane and nucleus
cellular organelles are suspended in the cytoplasm
is predominately water
other substances dissolved in its fluid, proteins, fats, carbs, and ions.

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23
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

filaments help give the cell structural support and shape

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24
Q

centrioles

A

small cylindrical fibers of protein called microtubules
in animal cells they move chromosomes during cell division

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25
Mitochondrion or Mitochondria
jelly bean shaped produces energy for the ATP (adenosine triphosphate) produces cellular respiration powerhouse of the cell has a double membrane
26
Nucleus
Directs all metabolic activity in the cell a.k.a brain/control center surrounded by a double membrane which contains pores and can selectively allow certain substances to enter or leave the nucleus via these pores contains the genetic info
27
Endoplasmic Reticulum
channels and tunnels located throughout the cytoplasm of a cell
28
Rough ER
has ribosomes attached to it, proteins are typically produced for excretion from the cell
29
Smooth ER
has no ribosomes attached lipid synthesis takes place fat based hormones like estrogen or testosterone
30
Golgi Body or Golgi Apparatus
packaging plant and waste treatment facility look slike a stack of membranes with vesicles loosely pinching off at the perimeter
31
Lysosome
filled with digestive enzymes to break down food particles in the cell moves to food vesicle and fuse with it a.k.a garbage collector, suicide sack
32
Peroxisome
similar appearance to lysosomes contain important enzyme called catalase hydrogen peroxide is a waste from metabolic activity in the cell, therefore toxic and must be decomposed
33
Cell wall
rigid outer membrane in plant cells support and protect cell made of cellulose, a fibrous material
34
Chloroplast
football shaped only in plants contains a green pigment, chlorophyll site of reaction photosynthesis
35
Plastid
photosynthesis and the production and storage of metabolites.
36
Vacuole
mainly for storage of water very large in pants cells
37
DNA
deoxyribonucleic acid
38
Pathway of a ribosome
synthesized by ribosome, diffuse into the ER and will be transported through the channel system
39
four types of phylum
Phylum Bryophyta, Phylum Filicinophyta, Phylum Coniferophyta, Phylum Angiospermophyta
40
Phylum Bryophyta
non vascular restricted to a moist environment do not have true roots, stems or leaves
41
Phylum Bryophyta example
moss, liverwort
42
Phylum Filicinophyta
Vascular requires a moist environment possess true roots, stems and leaves
43
Phylum Filicinophyta example
ferns
44
Phylum Coniferophyta
vascular produces seeds in cones true roots, stems and leaves
45
Phylum Coniferophyta example
conifer trees, cedar, spruce or douglas fir
46
Phylum Angiospermophyta
vascular seeds are in special reproductive structures called flowers female reproductive ovary develops into fruit true roots, stems and leaves
47
Dicot
two cotyledons, 4x 0r 5x floral parts 3 pores in pollen bundled vasculture net like veins
48
monocot
one cotyledon, 3x floral parts, one pore in pollen parallel veins dispersed vasculature
49
three main types of plant tissue
ground tissue, dermal tissue and vascular tissue
50
shoot system
undergoes photosynthesis transports materials involved in plant reproduction produces hormones
51
root system
anchors plants absorbs water and minerals stores sugar transports water and minerals produces hormones
52
plants have ________ growth
indeterminate, cells continue to divide indefinitely
53
meristem
area or max cell divsion
54
apical meristems
located on ends of shoot and root (tips)
55
lateral meristems
increase diameter/width
56
a differentiated cell may become
leaves flowers bark root hairs stem tissue seeds/fruit
57
hormone responsible for growth of shoot and root in plant
auxin
58
auxin causes ________ of cells in the stem
elongation
59
A plant's response to its environment is called
tropism
60
tropism can be both? name two kinds of tropisms
negative or positive gravitropism - response to gravivity phototropism - response to sunlight
61
what are xerophytes? what adaptations to their environment do they have?
very dry habitats thick waxy cuticle, spines instead of leaves, vertical stems, CAM physiology, stoma opens on cool nights, not in intense heat
62
what are halophytes? what adaptations to their environment do they have?
saline soils gets rid of excess NA via ATP sheds leaves excretion from special glands
63
petal
bright colours, - attracts
64
produces pollen
anther - male
65
supports the anther
filament - male
66
sugary luquid
nectary (scent)
67
may form fruit tissue
receptacle
68
becomes seeds
ovules - female
69
holds ovules + may become fruit
ovary - female
70
supports stigma
style - female
71
sticky - catches pollen
stigma - female
72
female parts of the plant are called
carpals
73
male parts of the plant are called
stamen
74
pollination
the movement of pollen from the male anther to the female stigma meiosis in the anther, moves to stigma
75
fertilzation
sexual reproduction in plants (sperm and egg united) one sperm forms a zygote, others will fuse to polar nuclei then form cotyledon/endosperm
76
germination
development of a plant through a seed
77
immature shoot of a seed
plumule
78
immature root of a seed
radicle
79
dicots two foods structures are called
cotyledons
80
water enters through a tiny pore called
micropyle
81
water absorption is called
imbibition
82
imbibition occurs through the
testa and microphyle
83
three conditions for a seed to germinate
water absorption, warmth, oxygen
84
xylem does what
conducts water in vascular plants and provide structural support have spiral walls of lignin and can withstand internal pressure
85
two main cell types in xylem
tracheids hallow, passes through pits) and vessel elements (spiral walls of lignin)
86
Two facts on xylem cells
cells die at maturity, water movement is unidirectional
87
Phloem is the principle
sugar conducting tissue in vascular plants dissolves sugar
88
two main cells in phloem
companion cells (keep sieve tubes alive), sieve tubes cells
89
two facts about phloem
bi-directional, and is alive
90
translocation
source to sink at the source (leaf) companion cells uses carrier proteins and ATP to take sugar from site of ps. Water moves into cells by osmosis water pressure in seive tube cells push the water and sugar from phloem to rest of plant (like water hose) end is a sink, which may be a root or tuber or fruit
91
movement of materials through the phloem is called the
pressure-flow theory
92
during translocation where is pressure greatest?
closest to the source
93
translocation
source to sink at the source (leaf) companion cells uses carrier proteins and ATP to take sugar from site of ps. Water moves into cells by osmosis water pressure in sieve tube cells push the water and sugar from phloem to rest of plant (like water hose) end is a sink, which may be a root or tuber or fruit
94
upper epidermis and lower epidermis
protection
95
stoma
opening for gas exchange for leaf
96
waxy cuticle
protections and prevents water loss
97
guard cell
regulates opening and closing of stoma
98
vein/vascular bundle
transport contains xylem and phloem
99
palisade layer
ps, contains chloroplast
100
spongy layer
gas exchange and some ps
101
air space
gas exchange
102
how does the stoma open
k+ enters by ATP, water follows by osmosis, guard cell sweels and becomes turgid, pore opens
103
stoma pore closes
K+ leaves the gc and enters the epidermal cells. water floows K+ by osmosis. guard cell becomes flaccid. pore closes
104
hypertonic
solution contains more solute than solvent (kid hyped on sugar more particles)
105
hypotonic
more solvent than solute (hypo like hippo. hippo lives in water, more water)
106
transpiration
the loss of water vapour from stems and leaves of a plant
107
factors that affect transpiration speed
wind speed, temp, humidity
108
types of water movement
root pressure: water enters root by osmosis creates pressure to push water up xylem tubes transpiration pull: main movement of water up the xylem, water replaces the molecules lost through transpiration adhesion: water adheres to cellulose cohesion: hydrogen bonds with adjacent water molecule
109
endocytosis and exocytosis
membrane engulfs material, membrane expels material requires ATP
110
phagocytosis and pinocytosis
larger chunks move into the cell, water and small ions move into the cell requires ATP
111
requires only heat energy (passive)
diffusion, osmosis, facilitated
112
osmosis, diffusion, facilitated
water moves through membrane, small particles move through membrane, small particles move with carrier proteins
112
osmosis, diffusion, facilitated
water moves through membrane, small particles move through membrane, small particles move with carrier proteins
113
Isotonic
when two solutions are equal in solute and soluvent
114
crenation
when water leaves an animal cell causing it to shrink
115
plasmosis
water leaves plant cell and it shrinks
116
deplasmosis
water enters plant cell, swells
117
tonicity
describes, hypertonic, hypotonic and isotonic solutions
118
cytolysis
animal cell takes too much water (explodes)
119
two types of electron microscopes
scanning electron (SEM) and transmission electron (TEM)

Biology 10 ib (4 decks)

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