cytology intro

Question 1

Spontaneous generation

Answer 1

The formation of living organisms from non-living matter

Question 2

Who set out to prove that spontaneous generation does not occur? When did this happen?

Answer 2

Louis Pasteur in 1880’s

Question 3

What famous experiment help debunk spontaneous generation?

Answer 3

Two flasks are filled with broth that is then boiled. On one flask the neck of is heated bent into an S shape. The other is not. Air could reach the broth but micro-organisms and other particles would get caught in the s bend.

Question 4

What other experiment involving Pasteur disproved spontaneous generation.

Answer 4

Making a nutrient broth of yeast and sugar. If the flask was sealed the broth remained unchanged and no fungi or other organisms emerged.

Question 5

The study of cells

Answer 5

Cytology

Question 6

Cell theory

Answer 6

All organisms are made up of one or more cells
cells are the smallest unit of life
All cells come from pre-existing cells

Question 7

Sir Robert Hooke

Answer 7

Coined the word cell, developed the simple microscope. Studied many organisms and even plant material such as cork.
1665

Question 8

Anton Van Leeuwenhoek

Answer 8

Improved the magnification and resolution of microscopes.
“The father of Microbiology”
First to study and document one celled organisms
term of organisms he observed where animalcules
1680s

Question 9

Matthias Schleiden

Answer 9

Concluded that all plants are composed of cells
1838

Question 10

Theodor Schwann

Answer 10

animal tissue consists of cells
1839

Question 11

Rudolf Virchow

Answer 11

all cells are produced from division of pre-existing cells.
1855

Question 12

The basic functions of life

Answer 12

homeostasis, reproduction, growth, response, metabolism. excretion, nutrition

Question 13

Two main categories of cells

Answer 13

prokaryotic (before nucleus)
eukaryotic (true nucleus)

Question 14

prokaryotic cells are _____ and ______ than eukaryotic cells, most are ________

Answer 14

smaller and simpler
less than 1 um in diameter

Question 15

Prokaryotic cells are often called

Answer 15

bacteria

Question 16

common structures of prokaryotic cells

Answer 16

plasma membrane, flagella, cell wall, pili, ribosomes, nucleoid region, plasmids

Question 17

main form of reproduction in bacteria

Answer 17

asexual, specifically in bacteria called binary fission.

Question 18

Binary fission

Answer 18

the single circular chromosome composed of DNA is replicated. The cell divides into two genetically identical daughter cells.

Question 19

Bacterial conjugation

Answer 19

sexual reproduction involving a conjugation tube from the pili.

Question 20

Eukaryotic cells

Answer 20

advanced cells that occur in organisms other than bacteria
eg. algae, protozoans, fungi, plants, animals
specialized structures within the cell area are called organelles and are surround by a membrane

Question 21

A common characteristic of all cells is

Answer 21

they are small

Question 22

all living organisms exchange nutrients and waste with their external environment through

Answer 22

the plasma membrane

Question 23

What problem arises from geometry

Answer 23

as a cell enlarges its volume increases more rapidly than its surface area does.

Question 24

most move into and out of a cell by

Answer 24

simple diffusion

Question 25

if a cell is too large...

Answer 25

the distance for molecules to travel by diffusion would be too far and take too long for cell survival

Question 26

External membrane which serves as a barrier to their envrionment

Answer 26

plasma membrane

Question 27

The plasma membrane has a protective function and can control what goes into and out of a cell so it is

Answer 27

selectively permeable

Question 28

helps to describe the structure of the plasma membrane

Answer 28

fluid mosaic model

Question 29

the plasma membrane is composed of a special molecule called a

Answer 29

phospholipid

Question 30

Phospholipids are composed of

Answer 30

a hydrophilic head, and a hydrophobic tail

Question 31

hydrophilic

Answer 31

water soluble or polar (water loving)

Question 32

hydrophobic

Answer 32

is not water soluble or nonpolar (water hating)

Question 33

Because phospholipids have both a polar and nonpolar region they are called

Answer 33

amphipathic

Question 34

The unique polarity causes phospholipid molecules to always align themselves in a ______ if they are present in a water environment

Answer 34

bilayer

Question 35

What maintains the overall structure of the membrane?

Answer 35

the tendency water has to form hydrogen bonds

Question 36

animal cells have _____ randomly embedded in the membrane

Answer 36

cholesterol

Question 37

_______ prevents movement of phospholipid molecules, therefore _______ reduces the fluidity of the membrane

Answer 37

cholesterol

Question 38

_______ reduces the permeability of the membrane to hydrophilic particles

Answer 38

cholesterol

Question 39

Three major components of plasma membranes

Answer 39

protein, cholesterol, phospholipids

Question 40

various types of proteins are embedded in the fluid matrix of the phospholipid bilayer. This creates the

Answer 40

"mosaic" effect of the phospholipoid bilayer

Question 41

Two major types of membrane proteins

Answer 41

peripheral, integral

Question 41

Two major types of membrane proteins

Answer 41

peripheral, integral

Question 42

Peripheral

Answer 42

do not exist in the middle of the bilayer but remain bound to the surface of the membrane can be attracted to glycoproteins

Question 43

integral

Answer 43

have both hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions within the same protein this property helps hold the protein in the place in the bilayer

Question 43

integral

Answer 43

have both hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions within the same protein this property helps hold the protein in the place in the bilayer

Question 44

composed of carbohydrate chains attached to peripheral proteins

Answer 44

Glycoproteins

Question 45

function in recognition of the like cells and immune response

Answer 45

glycoproteins

Question 46

assist the movement of specific ions and carbohydrates across the membrane

Answer 46

transport or "Channel" proteins

Question 47

six functions of membrane proteins

Answer 47

channels for transport cell communication enzyme function hormone binding cell adhesion pumps

Question 48

bacteria, atoms, membranes, organelles, viruses, molecules Cells in decreasing order

Answer 48

organelles, bacteria, viruses, membranes, molecules, atoms