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Biology 10 ib > cytology intro > Flashcards

cytology intro Flashcards

1
Q

Spontaneous generation

A

The formation of living organisms from non-living matter

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2
Q

Who set out to prove that spontaneous generation does not occur? When did this happen?

A

Louis Pasteur in 1880’s

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3
Q

What famous experiment help debunk spontaneous generation?

A

Two flasks are filled with broth that is then boiled. On one flask the neck of is heated bent into an S shape. The other is not. Air could reach the broth but micro-organisms and other particles would get caught in the s bend.

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4
Q

What other experiment involving Pasteur disproved spontaneous generation.

A

Making a nutrient broth of yeast and sugar. If the flask was sealed the broth remained unchanged and no fungi or other organisms emerged.

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5
Q

The study of cells

A

Cytology

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6
Q

Cell theory

A

All organisms are made up of one or more cells
cells are the smallest unit of life
All cells come from pre-existing cells

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7
Q

Sir Robert Hooke

A

Coined the word cell, developed the simple microscope. Studied many organisms and even plant material such as cork.
1665

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8
Q

Anton Van Leeuwenhoek

A

Improved the magnification and resolution of microscopes.
“The father of Microbiology”
First to study and document one celled organisms
term of organisms he observed where animalcules
1680s

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9
Q

Matthias Schleiden

A

Concluded that all plants are composed of cells
1838

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10
Q

Theodor Schwann

A

animal tissue consists of cells
1839

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11
Q

Rudolf Virchow

A

all cells are produced from division of pre-existing cells.
1855

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12
Q

The basic functions of life

A

homeostasis, reproduction, growth, response, metabolism. excretion, nutrition

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13
Q

Two main categories of cells

A

prokaryotic (before nucleus)
eukaryotic (true nucleus)

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14
Q

prokaryotic cells are _____ and ______ than eukaryotic cells, most are ________

A

smaller and simpler
less than 1 um in diameter

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15
Q

Prokaryotic cells are often called

A

bacteria

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16
Q

common structures of prokaryotic cells

A

plasma membrane, flagella, cell wall, pili, ribosomes, nucleoid region, plasmids

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17
Q

main form of reproduction in bacteria

A

asexual, specifically in bacteria called binary fission.

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18
Q

Binary fission

A

the single circular chromosome composed of DNA is replicated. The cell divides into two genetically identical daughter cells.

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19
Q

Bacterial conjugation

A

sexual reproduction involving a conjugation tube from the pili.

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20
Q

Eukaryotic cells

A

advanced cells that occur in organisms other than bacteria
eg. algae, protozoans, fungi, plants, animals
specialized structures within the cell area are called organelles and are surround by a membrane

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21
Q

A common characteristic of all cells is

A

they are small

22
Q

all living organisms exchange nutrients and waste with their external environment through

A

the plasma membrane

23
Q

What problem arises from geometry

A

as a cell enlarges its volume increases more rapidly than its surface area does.

24
Q

most move into and out of a cell by

A

simple diffusion

25
Q

if a cell is too large…

A

the distance for molecules to travel by diffusion would be too far and take too long for cell survival

26
Q

External membrane which serves as a barrier to their envrionment

A

plasma membrane

27
Q

The plasma membrane has a protective function and can control what goes into and out of a cell so it is

A

selectively permeable

28
Q

helps to describe the structure of the plasma membrane

A

fluid mosaic model

29
Q

the plasma membrane is composed of a special molecule called a

A

phospholipid

30
Q

Phospholipids are composed of

A

a hydrophilic head, and a hydrophobic tail

31
Q

hydrophilic

A

water soluble or polar (water loving)

32
Q

hydrophobic

A

is not water soluble or nonpolar (water hating)

33
Q

Because phospholipids have both a polar and nonpolar region they are called

A

amphipathic

34
Q

The unique polarity causes phospholipid molecules to always align themselves in a ______ if they are present in a water environment

A

bilayer

35
Q

What maintains the overall structure of the membrane?

A

the tendency water has to form hydrogen bonds

36
Q

animal cells have _____ randomly embedded in the membrane

A

cholesterol

37
Q

_______ prevents movement of phospholipid molecules, therefore _______ reduces the fluidity of the membrane

A

cholesterol

38
Q

_______ reduces the permeability of the membrane to hydrophilic particles

A

cholesterol

39
Q

Three major components of plasma membranes

A

protein, cholesterol, phospholipids

40
Q

various types of proteins are embedded in the fluid matrix of the phospholipid bilayer. This creates the

A

“mosaic” effect of the phospholipoid bilayer

41
Q

Two major types of membrane proteins

A

peripheral, integral

41
Q

Two major types of membrane proteins

A

peripheral, integral

42
Q

Peripheral

A

do not exist in the middle of the bilayer but remain bound to the surface of the membrane
can be attracted to glycoproteins

43
Q

integral

A

have both hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions within the same protein
this property helps hold the protein in the place in the bilayer

43
Q

integral

A

have both hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions within the same protein
this property helps hold the protein in the place in the bilayer

44
Q

composed of carbohydrate chains attached to peripheral proteins

A

Glycoproteins

45
Q

function in recognition of the like cells and immune response

A

glycoproteins

46
Q

assist the movement of specific ions and carbohydrates across the membrane

A

transport or “Channel” proteins

47
Q

six functions of membrane proteins

A

channels for transport
cell communication
enzyme function
hormone binding
cell adhesion
pumps

48
Q

bacteria, atoms, membranes, organelles, viruses, molecules
Cells in decreasing order

A

organelles, bacteria, viruses, membranes, molecules, atoms

Biology 10 ib (4 decks)

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