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1
Q

What is the function of the nucleus?

A

Controls the activities of the cell using genes.

Controls chromosomes which carry genes.

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2
Q

What is the function of Cytoplasm?

A

It is were your metabolic reaction occurs.

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3
Q

What is the function of the mitochondria?

A

it is were respiration occurs - release energy - glucose

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4
Q

What is the function of the cell membrane?

A

it is selectively permeable. Controls what exits and enters.

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5
Q

What is the function of the Ribosome?

A

They are the site of protein synthesis- make protein.

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6
Q

What is the function of the Cell wall?

A

Made of cellulose. Helps keep structure. It allows everything in.

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7
Q

What is the function of the Chloroplast?

A

Where photosynthesis occurs. Contains chlorophyll- a green pigment.

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8
Q

What is the function of the Vacuole?

A

Filled with cell sap. Help keep the plants shape.

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9
Q

Cell

A

basic structure of living organisms.

E.G. Animal cell

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10
Q

Chromosomes

A

made of DNA genes located in the nucleus.

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11
Q

Genes

A

a section of DNA that codes for one particular protein.

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12
Q

Genome

A

The entire DNA of an organism( present in a diploid cell)

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13
Q

Diploid

A

Number of chromosomes found in body cells

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14
Q

Haploid

A

Number of chromosomes found in gametes

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15
Q

What cell doesn’t have nucleus?

A

Red blood cell

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16
Q

Define a specialised cell?

A

They have a structure that are adapted for their function.

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17
Q

What organelles does a plant cell have that an animal cell doesn’t?

A

Vacuole, cell wall, Chloroplast

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18
Q

What cells has a biconcave shape?

A

Red blood cells

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19
Q

Name the two types of white blood cells?

A
  • Lymphocytes

- Phagocytes

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20
Q

Lymphocytes

A

produces antibodies to destroy particular pathogens.

–> counteract the toxins released by pathogens.

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21
Q

Phagocytes

A

engulf pathogens and destroy them.

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22
Q

Name two features of a sperm cell that allows it to be adapted to its function

A

lots of mitochondria in the middle to power the sperm.

Long tail to help it swim.

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23
Q

List the levels of organisation in the correct order? (smallest - largest)

A 
Organelle
Cell
Tissue 
Organ 
Organ system 
Organism
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24
Q

Organelle

A

Structure within a cell that is specific to carry out a particular function or job.
E.G. Nucleus, Vacuole

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25
Tissue
Group of cells with simular structures, working together to perform a shared function. E.G. Muscle cell
26
Organ
Structure made up of a group of tissues, working together to perform specific functions. E.G. Liver, heart, lungs
27
Organ system
Group of organs with related functions, working together to perform body functions. E.G. Digestive system, Skin
28
Organism
A living thing E.G. fish
29
unicellular
The simplest Organism are made of single cells
30
Multicellular
More complex organism like plant and animal cells are made of millions cells. ( many cells)
31
What does DNA stand for?
deoxyribonucleic acid
32
to test for sugars (glucose)
- Benedics solution - heat in water bath - if lots of sugar present- Brick red - if sugar present- Orange - if a little present - green
33
Test for Starch. ( cab)
- Iodine solution | - blue/black
34
Test for Protein
- Biuret test | - purple if present
35
Test for Lipids
- Ethanol | - white/ cloudy if present
36
What safety precautions would I take for all food tests?
- Googles - Dont eat the food - dont drink the chemicals
37
Enzymes definition
- Biological catalyst which speeds up the rate of reactions, by lowering the energy required, without being used up themselves. Made of protein - lots of amino acids.
38
Denature
- Change the shape of the active site- substrate can no longer bind.
39
Different enzymes break down different things… Carbohydrates to….
Carbohydrase
40
Different enzymes break down diffrent things ... Lipids to..
Lipase
41
Different enzymes break down diffrent things ... Protein to ...
Protease
42
Polysaccharides——> ............... Protein——-> ..................... Triglycerides—-> ................ &. ...............
—> Discaccharide —> Amino acids —> Glycerol & Fatty acids
43
What are the four factors that affect the activity rate of enzymes?
- Temperature - PH - Enzyme concentration - Substrate consentration
44
Effect of temperature of the activity of Enzymes
- as the temperature increses - more collison - more kinetic energy - Optimum tempature - rate of reaction is fastest - rate of reaction decreases - enzymes denature - active site changes shape- no longer form substate complex
45
Effect of PH on the activity of enzymes
- narrow range in which enzymes will work | - enzymes denature- change the shape of the active site- substate can no longer bind.
46
Substate and Enzyme concentration
- rate of reaction increses - more substate collide with the enzymes - rate plateau as all enzymes are satuated- to speed up the rate you need to add more enzymes.
47
Independent variable
- Change
48
Dependent Variable
- Measure
49
Control variable
- keep the same - fair test
50
what cell helps protect us against pathogens
- white blood cell
51
What cells function is to absorb water and minerals
- root hair cell
52
What cell has a large yolk to provide nutrients
egg cell
53
What cell sweeps mucis with trapped pathogens up your trachea
- Ciliated cell
54
what is the chemical elements in all protein?
Hydrogen, Oxygen, Carbon,Nitrogen, sulphur H,O,C,N,S
55
What are the 4 bases of DNA
Adenine Cytosine Thymine Guanine a c t g
56
What do you use to stain an animal and plant cell when using microscopes?
Animal cell - Methylene blue Plant cell- Iodine
57
What is Saprophytic Nutrition?
release enzymes onto the food to break it down, absorbs the nutrition
58
What are two key differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes?
Prokaryotes - dont have nucleus - has a nucloid Eukaryotes - have a nucleus
59
Red blood cells adaptations
- transport 02 to respiring cells. - no nucleus - lots of haemoglobin - thin- short diffusion - biconcave - large surface area for diffusion
60
White blood cells
- immune respond - Produce antibodies to destroy microorganisms - Engulf bacteria and other microorganisms that have infected our bodies - Lymphocytes - Phagocytes
61
Sperm cells
- produced in testes - 1/2 DNA - tail to swim - enzymes in head —> to penetrate the egg - lots of mitochondria —-> provides energy to swim
62
Egg cell
- Produced in ovaries - large yolk —> provides energy - 1/2 DNA
63
Ciliated cells adaptations
- use cilia —> hair like projection - > lots of mitochondria - line trachea - mucus produced in goblet cell
64
Nerve cell adaptations
- nervous system - 3 types of nerves - transports electronic signals to different parts of the body - very long - myelin sheath—> prevents short circuiting
65
Palisade cell adaptations
- Contains lots of Chloroplasts - where most photosynthesis occurs - closely packed- efficient absorption - in palisade layer- near light
66
Root hair cell adaptations
- Absorbs water/ minerals from soil - large surface area - thin - Finger like projection - so short diffusion rate - no chloroplast
67
Carbohydrate element
C,H,O
68
Lipids element
C,H,O
69
Carbohydrate Monomers
Monosaccharide - glucose, fructose, galactose
70
Lipids Monomers
fatty acids + glycerol
71
Protein Monomers
Amino acids
72
Carbohydrate Polymers
Polyscaccharide
73
Lipids Polymers
Triglyceride
74
Protein Polymers
Polypeptide
75
what are the 8 life process?
M - Movement R - Respiration S - sensitvity C- controls their internal condition G- Growth R- Reproduction E- excretion N - nutrition
76
Sperm cells need energy....
- to move
77
Ovum cells need energy..
to divide
78
Mucsle cells need energy..
- to contract
79
Nerve cells need energy...
- Send impulses
80
How do phagocytes remove pathogens?
Engluf and digest
81
Lipids - use in body
- long term energy - insolation protects organs
82
Protein use in body
- Repair, growth & repairs
83
Caroboydrates food source
- bread | - pasta
84
Lipids food source
- Avocados | - Butter
85
Protein food source
- red meat | - eggs
86
Goblet cells definition
secrete mucus this traps particles of dirt and bacteria.
87
Ciliated cells definition
- Sweep away mucus that traps bacteria/ dust

Biology (7 decks)

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