Bilingual Education Flashcards
(36 cards)
1
Q
Carlisle Indian School
A
1880’s forced English only. Kill first language.
2
Q
Naturalization Act of 1906
A
Have to speak English to start naturalization process. Schools had to teach English only.
3
Q
New Mexico becomes a state
A
- This late because there had to be enough English-speakers in a territory for it to become a state.
4
Q
First “Mexican” schools in CA
A
1913.
5
Q
Department of Education
A
- Established to give federal funds only to states that enforced English-only education, especially not German.
6
Q
First “Mexican” schools in Santa Ana, CA
A
1919.
7
Q
Meyer v Nebraska
A
- Overturns Nebraska anti-German language teaching law.
8
Q
Theodor Roosevelt
A
- Said that U.S. has room only for English. Wants to frustrate worker solidarity and sedition by the whitewashing effects of English.
9
Q
Farrington v. Tokushige
A
- SCOTUS. Hawaii’s law banning foreign language instruction was overturned.
10
Q
LULAC
A
1929
11
Q
15 Mexican schools in OC
A
- And 90% of school districts in South West segregated Mexicans.
12
Q
Mendez v Westminister
A
- It is against the 14th to segregate based on nationality (but not on race).
13
Q
Hernandez v Driscoll
A
- After Brown v Board forced them to close the “Mexican School,” Driscoll School District in Texas put all kids with Hispanic surnames into 3 years of 1st grade so that they would learn English (regardless of whether they knew English) without disturbing the English-speaking students. They called it Low, Medium, and High first grade and then would move on to a still segregated 2nd grade. This made a generation of students graduate HS when they were 21-22 years old. Hernandez V. Driscoll was taken up by the GI Forum as their first Federal Court case. They couldn’t segregate based on race, so they segregated based on language.
14
Q
Coral Way
A
- Cubans at Coral Way, FL establish a dual language bilingual program because they think Castro will be overthrown and they’ll be able to go back to Cuba, so they want their kids to maintain Spanish. (L1 is a benefit).
15
Q
Civil Rights Act Title VI
A
- The Civil Rights act outlawed discrimination. At the same time, Title VI, the part of the Civil Rights Act that pertained to education, became the paramount initiative for bilingual education in the United States. Title VI allowed funds to be withheld from school districts that maintained segregation or did not promote integration.
16
Q
ESEA
A
- Elementary and Secondary Education Act, part of Johnson’s war on poverty.
17
Q
TESOL
A
1966
18
Q
MALDEF
A
- Mexican American Legal Defense Fund. fought to gain recognition for the fundamental language and cultural differences between their communities and the ‘Anglo-White’ mainstream. The lack of any reference to multiculturalism in an all-English curriculum fostered low academic achievement in such communities.
19
Q
ESEA Title VII
A
- Bilingual Education Act. Gave schools money that were trying to help ELL’s in any way, including and especially transitional bilingual programs (L1 as a crutch).
20
Q
Lau v. Nichols 9th Circuit
A
- It is the Chinese students own fault for letting their Chineseness get in the way of their learning English. (L1 as a detriment).
21
Q
Lau v. Nichols SCOTUS
A
- The burden of making sure that ELL’s have full access to the core curriculum falls on the schools not the children. Argued under the discrimination due to national origin clause of Civil Rights Act title VI, not the Constitution. Implied that accessible education for ELL’s is not a constitutional right.
22
Q
EEOA
A
- Equal Education Opportunity Act. Interpreted Lau as applying to all schools whether or not they receive federal funds. Never says “bilingual” but Congress interpreted it to mean that L1 should be used to the extent necessary to acquire L2.
23
Q
1974 Amendment to ESEA Title VII
A
Defined a bilingual program as one that uses L1 to help students enter L2 (mainstream) classrooms as quickly as possible without losing their culture entirely. Funded capacity building for bilingual programs and research.
24
Q
1978 Amendment to ESEA Title VII
A
Native English speakers can be included in Bilingual programs.
25
Castanyeda v. Pickard
1981. Programs for ELL's are effective if 1) theory-based, 2) sufficient amount of qualified teachers, 3), effective in teaching L2 (L1 doesn't matter).
26
Reagan
1981. Vocal against the idea of teaching the subject areas in L1.
27
1982 Amendment to ESEA Title VII
Some provision made for L1 maintenance.
28
Senator Hayakawa
1983. founded U.S. English, a non-profit organization that promotes English as the official language of the United States and discredits bilingual education.
29
1994 Reauthorization of ESEA Title VII
Sees value in L1 for the first time. Promotes two-way bilingual programs.
30
Prop 187
1994. No more public schooling for undocumented immigrants.
31
Prop 227
1998. Ended CA bilingual education.
32
2002 Reauthorization of entire ESEA
Eliminated Title VII altogether. Added Title III to punish schools with ELL's whose content area scores were lower than non-ELL's.
33
Massachusetts Question 2
2002. Transitional bilingual programs replaced with Sheltered English Instruction segregated programs.
34
Williams v. California
2004. CA must fund its schools with adequate facilities and permanent, qualified teachers. Intern teachers cannot be responsible for ELL's. Teachers need to be qualified in ELL methodologies to work with ELL's.
35
2015 Reauthorization of entire ESEA
Increases funding for Title III because increases huge demographic increase in ELL's (60% of lower grade students in CA). Gives funding for Title III regardless of English proficiency scores. Recognizes that language learning takes time but still not that interested in L1 for its own sake, only as a crutch until L2 is learned.
36
Prop 58
2016. Repeals 227 in CA.
