California History Flashcards
(124 cards)
1
Q
Tribal distribution from West to East and North to South
A
Yurok, Shasta, Modoc, Yuki, Pomo, Wintu, Maidu, Nisenan, Ohlone, Miwok, Yokut, Chumash, Tatavian, Serrano, Tongva, Kumeyaay, Mojave
2
Q
Language distribution from North to south
A
Athabaskan, Hokan, Penutian, Yuki-Wappo, Uto-Aztecan, Chumashan
3
Q
Ulloa
Alarcon
Cabrillo
A
- Figures out that Baja California isn’t an island because runs into mouth of Colorado River.
- Navigates up the Colorado a bit.
- Meets the Tongva on Catalina. Goes further north, but misses, as would many Spanish for the next 200 years, the entrance into SF bay.
4
Q
Galleons from Philippines
A
- Trade between Acapulco, Manila, and Mexico City returns because of the currents to north of SF bay and then rides the coast current down. By 1680, these galleons, carrying silks from China (through Manila) and cotton from India, would stop yearly on CA coast, though no Spanish settlements.
5
Q
Francis Drake
A
- Lands north of SF bay (also misses entrance) and claims Northern CA for Britain.
6
Q
First Filipinos in CA
A
1587
7
Q
Native Population 1700
A
Highest concentration of people in North America. Cultivated oak groves. Huge acorn consumption. Horticulture, not so much corn and potatoes because of growing season not suitable. Klamath lived on salmon. Fire control.
8
Q
Junipero Serra becomes Franciscan Monk in Majorca, Spain, age 17.
A
1730
9
Q
Serra requests mission in Madrid and arrives in Vera Cruz. Walks Camino Real to Mexico City.
A
1749
10
Q
Serra and Pame
A
- Serra reduces the Pame near Queretaro. Forced mission, Indians not allowed to leave. Control market system.
11
Q
Sierra Gorda liberated from colonos
A
- Serra gets Spanish colonists and soldiers out of his mission lands where they had been clashing with his Pame slaves and corrupting them. He achieved this liberation partially be getting the Inquisition to send a resident inquisitor to Sierra Gorda and accuse non-Indian women of witchcraft.
12
Q
Russian Fur trade
A
- Enter Spanish claimed land in Alta CA.
13
Q
Jesuits kicked out
A
- Jesuits expelled from New Spain by new king so Franciscans take over and Junipero became the mission president of the Baja California mission.
14
Q
God kills off the Baja California Indios
A
- God (i.e., syphilis) was killing off Baja California missionized Indians and so Jose de Galvez, Inspector General of New Spain, needed more to replace them and also he sought a buffer with Russians and British (who had recently taken Manila and Havana) and wanted to put colonists in Alta California to have a physical claim to the land so he sent Serra to Alta California protected by Portola in a 4 prong campaign. 2 by land and 2 by sea.
15
Q
Sand Diego de Alcala
A
- Serra walks 300 miles to San Diego and reduces the Kumeyaay, preceded by a military force of Portola, establishing other missions in Baja California along the way. This would be the first in what would be CA. They produced olive oil eventually and brought all kinds of fruit trees and other non-native species, including pigs and cattle. Totally changed the environments around the missions from places to hunt and gather roots, to wastelands of cattle and depleted soil.
16
Q
The missions
A
There were 23 missions established never more than 30 miles from a major coastal water way or the ocean and never more than 30 miles (a day’s ride) from one another. 5 large presidios (military barracks) as well. These were reducciones. A total of 146 Friars served. 67 missionaries died at their post. Always surrounded by military escorts because Natives had them outnumbered. Natives were lured in through trade, but once baptized they were trapped. If they didn’t return for work, military sent after them. 90,000 baptized total. 63,000 burried. All Indian girls lived in nunneries, cramped, rife with disease. So many girls died that military had to raid inland villages, kidnap their women to replace them. Since missions used slave labor, their opportunity costs were low and their competative advantage was so high that other Spanish colonists around in the pueblos couldn’t compete. Their goal was self-sufficiency and they got fairly close to achieving that eventually, producing ironworks and all kinds of highly skilled manufacturing, all made by the natives. Brought fruit to CA. The herds they brought multiplied and destroyed native lifeways. The mission natives eventually became house slaves to the presidios and also worked on the presidio plantations.
17
Q
Portola “discovers” SF
A
- Portola goes by land ahead of Serra but then in San Diego takes a ship to Monterrey, which had been described in detail by Sebastian Vizcaino in 1602, everying from San Diego to Monterey, and claimed for Spain. Monterrey becomes the capital of “Las Californias” and Portola its first governor. He also discovers what 200 years of Spanish galleons had missed: SF bay.
18
Q
San Carlos Borromeo de Carmelo
A
- Mission 2. Near Monterrey bay.
19
Q
San Antonio de Padua
A
- Mission 3. Reduces the Salinan. South of Monterey Bay.
20
Q
San Gabriel Arcangel
A
- Mission 4. Los Angeles.
21
Q
Kumeyaay Uprising
A
1775.
22
Q
Mission Capistrano produces CA’s first wine.
A
1783.
23
Q
Mission Gabriel Arcangel plants orange orchard
A
1804.
24
Q
French King of Spain
A
- The beginning of the independence movement in Mexico and so the military that handles the reducciones of the missions stop getting paid, as do the missionaries. The shipments from San Blas of goods also drop and the missions have to become more self-sufficient.
25
Indians kings of industry
1811. Reduced Indians are skilled and make not only missions self-sufficient, but supply manufactured goods, food, etc, to the entire military and civil government in Alta California who are there to enslave them.
26
Russian post
1812. Russians set up an otter pelt post near SF. In response, Mexico constructs its final mission as a buffer, San Franscico Solano in 1823 and then the Precidio de Sonoma in 1836.
27
Adams Onis treaty
1819. Sets the northern border of CA as it is today.
28
Missionaries lose control
1820. Missionaries lose control as the unpaid military men unofficially take land, become gendarmes.
29
Mexico becomes an independent monarchy
1821
30
San Francisco Solano
1823. 23rd and final mission, furthest north.
31
Mexico sends a governor to its territory (not state) called Alta California.
1824.
32
Uncompensated Indian labor at missions to finance presidios is normalized.
1825.
33
Jededia Smith
1826. Mentions meeting the Wintu people in Sacramento Valley.
34
Mexico evicts Peninsulares
1827. Including the clergy from Alta California.
35
1830 Native Snapshot.
The 21,000 remaining mission Indians survive without Spain's once regular shipments from San Blas by trading hide, tallow, wool to Boston, South America and Asia.
CA total Native population is 250,000
36
Mexican Secularization Act.
1833. Missionized Indians lose their land as it gets divided up among the ex-military gendarmes who are now official hacenderos. These are the Ranchos. The missionized Indians, though some get ejidos, most become hacienda slaves.
37
Isaac Graham
1836. A fur trapper, he stages an insurrection in CA against the Mexican governor. He is sent to Mexico to be tried. Causes a diplomatic stir in Washington which would give Polk ideas for later use. Graham ends up going back to CA and causing further tensions between Anglos and Californios.
38
Presidio de Sonoma
1836.
39
Mexican military jails more Anglos and tensions rise. Only 400 Anglos and other non-Mexicans/non-Natives in CA.
1840.
40
Bartleson-Bidwell
1841. First organized overland crossing on the California Trail, a branch off from the Oregon trail.
41
Future CA's first governor Burnett takes the Oregon trail after giving up on his law practice in Missouri where he owned slaves and was preparing to defend Joseph Smith in a trial (but Smith escaped).
1843.
42
Burnett in Oregon
1844. Becomes the Provisional Supreme Judge in the disputed Oregon Country and passes exclusion laws saying slavers must release slaves after 3 years and these free POC must evacuate Oregon or be flogged.
43
Freemont
1845. Arrives in CA with 60 armed men, secretly sent by Polk to cause an insurrection. Heads north as if going to Oregon, increases tensions between the 15,000 Californios and the now 800 or so recently arrived fur trapping Anglos mostly around Monterey.
44
U.S. Mexico War
1846. Polk gets congress to issue a war declaration. Meanwhile Anglos stage a revolt in Sonoma and raise the Bear Flag, but Freemont arrives in one week and takes it over, basically annexing the Bear Flag Republic as a U.S. territory. The navy soon arrives from Hawaii and Freemont and others quickly conquer NoCal with no blood. SoCal is more difficult, a few popular insurrections among Californios in LA, a few actual battles with Mexican military. LA mayor Pio Pico flees to Mexico, but comes back, becomes a U.S. citizen and is elected as CA senator. All the U.S. soldies that arrive to fight this war more than triple the Anglo population in CA and many stay for the gold rush.
45
Donner Party
1846.
46
Treaty of Cahuenga
1847. Treaty that ends the U.S. military conquest of CA.. Await word from the authorities in Mexico City and Washington as to what the status of CA will be, but the U.S. had just conquered it, so there was no question.
47
Guadalupe Hidalgo
1848. CA now a U.S. territory officially. Let by a provisional military government.
48
1848 Native Population
150,000
49
Gold discovered at Sutter's mill near Sacramento
1848.
50
Burnett wants gold.
1848. Burnett sees opportunity to make money in what would become SF, but ends up in land speculation in Sacramento.
51
CA Constitutional Convention
1849. Some Californios on the convention. Written in Spanish and English. Includes Mexican civil law. Later on, adds initiatives as part of the constitution, making it one of the longest constitutions in the world. Mentions UC and Stanford and guarantees their freedom from political interference. NA not allowed to vote, this was debated in the convention and some argued that the Declaration mandated Natives should vote. Explicitly mentions suffrage for "white Mexicans." Mentions Indian suffrage as a possibility for the future.
U.S. mentions Indians 3 times. 1 as not counting towards a state's population in Art 1. 2: Powers of congress to regulate commerce with Indian tribes. Also, 14th mentions Indians again as not counting towards a state's population.
● Dividing the government equally between a bicameral legislature, executive office, and judicial branch. It was, however, structured a little differently.
● While the United States Constitution includes a Bill of Rights as the first ten amendments, California's first constitution built that into Article I, the Declaration of Rights. Among these foundational political ideas was the proclamation that slavery would never be permitted in California.
● California entered the union as a free state (following a fierce national debate). Article II contained a declaration that any white, male citizen could vote, as well as any Mexican-born males who had agreed to become American citizens.
● California grew so quickly that the existing state constitution soon proved to be ineffective. It just couldn't keep up with the demands of a rapidly changing society.
● It was even more detailed in preserving the rights of Californians (reflecting a growing distrust in government officials), and contains more thorough protections of freedom of speech and protections against cruel or unusual punishments than the US Constitution.
● However, it also clearly stated that no native of China could vote in California, again capturing the growing anti-Chinese paranoia in the state.
● The California Constitution begins with individual rights, then provides the powers of direct democracy reserved to the people, followed by establishment of the State, and then to the three branches of government. Like its federal counterpart, the state constitution provides the three branches of government in this order: legislative, executive and judicial.
● The state constitution then proceeds to numerous Articles that have been added over the decades by the people, from transportation funding to redistricting to taxation to engineering services. Many of these Articles represent successful enactment of statewide ballot measures through the use of the initiative process.
● Here are a few additional comments. There is a system of checks and balances (veto, override) between the three branches. Both documents include a Bill of Rights. As a state, California has specific constitutional guidelines for such fundamental State responsibilities as education, transportation, marriage, energy and water. The State Constitution has greater detail on managing such matters, whereas the federal Constitution is a general framework for operating the government. In general, the State's Constitution is much longer and more complex. Finally, California added the initiative, referendum and recall to its Constitution during the era of progressive reforms at the turn of the 20th century.
● In the State of California, the Lieutenant Governor (the equivalent to the U.S. Vice President) is elected by the voters and runs separately from the Governor. The Attorney General, Controller (chief financial officer parallel to the Secretary of the Treasury), Secretary of State, the Superintendent of Public Instruction and Treasurer are all elected by the voters, whereas these same or parallel functions at the Federal level are appointed by the President as part of the Executive Cabinet
● In both the California State Assembly and U.S. House of Representatives, terms are for two years. As of 1990, all legislators in California are limited to serving two term
52
Peter Burnett becomes first Governor
1849. Replaces military governor. He is against the federal commissioners who are making treaties with the Indians (as only feds can do, not states). He said that Natives had better vacate east of the Sierra Nevadas or be exterminated. He also wanted to establish CA as he had done Oregon, as a "free" state, by which he meant free of both enslaved and freed POC.
53
Sacramento is CA's first incorporated city
1850. Burnett rejects the proposal that LA be incorporated as well, likely because he was a racist and LA was a pueblo of Californios. He also blocked Sacramento being a city, but the state senate overide his veto.
54
Foreign Miner's Tax Act
1850. Burnett's xenophobic idea to make it more difficult for non-U.S. citizens in the gold rush, of which there were many.
55
Act for the Government and Protection of Indians.
1850. Similar to the Black codes, it made vagrancy a crime punishable by slavery. 27,000 Natives taken as slaves and over 7,000 of those were children, pretext for children was that the act also provided for the "apprenticeship" of young children to whites. If a white man bailed an Indian out of jail, that man owned him until the fine is paid off. The law also provided for public funds, which were later provided by the federal government, passed by U.S. congress, to pay bounties for Indian hunters to bring back scalps, ears, etc. Resulted in 17,000 Natives killed by white people directly. 370 separate massacres, defined as killing 5 or more unarmed people. L.A. became a slave auction market in the open streets. Ranchos would pay natives in alcohol so that they would get drunk and get arrested and then auctioned as slaves.
56
CA is a free state
1850. Only after it had enough white people to qualify as a state, not a territory. By this time hydraulic mining was ravaging rivers.
57
1850 Native Population in L.A.
3,600.
58
War of extermination
1851. Burnett states: "That a war of extermination will continue to be waged between the races until the Indian race becomes extinct must be expected."
59
U.S. senate and CA Indian treaties
California's Fugitive Slave Law
1852. The U.S. senate fails to ratify any of the 18 treaties meant to set aside 33% of CA for Native Tribes. However, the tribes were led to believe that these were ratified.
1852. California lawmakers passed a law that decreed that any black person who had entered California as a slave before statehood was the legal property of the slaveholder who brought them.
60
1852 Non-Native population
200,000. 10% female.
61
Bridget "Biddy" Mason
1956. Judge Hayes in L.A. grants her "free forever" status and her children after she had been wrested from her slavers (Mormons). Went on to become one of the wealthiest persons in CA because of a midwifing business.
62
Pico Act
1859. Calls for cessesion of SoCAL. Passed in the state legislature but by the time it got to Washington, civil war happened and it got lost in the shuffle. Part of this was a battle within the Democratic party between the Free Soil antislavery party who would give homesteads to free blacks, and the faction that wanted slavery in CA provided the slaves had been there before statehood.
63
Mendocino War
SF snapshot
1859. The Eel River Rangers kill 283 Yuki warrioars and countless women and children. Later the rangers were reimbursed for their efforts by the federal government.
SF was an early bastion of the industrial labor movement. Many had won an 8-hour workday.
64
SF Police Force
1860. Developed to replace the notorious vigilante committees.
65
CA in Civil War
1862. Doesn't participate much. The California Column is mostly used to fight Indians.
66
Yosemite
1864. Lincoln grants land to conserve the area. Paves the way for the National Park system and Yellowstone to eventually become the first park.
67
Affect of 13th
1865. Abolished involuntary servitude, so teh Ac of Protecting (enslaving) Indians had to be revised slightly.
68
Transcontinental Railroad
1869. What took 6 months by boat from Chicago now takes 6 days. The railroads would come to completely take over mining and agriculture since they had the money to invest in capital (machines) that large scale mining and ag required.
69
1870 L.A. population of Natives
1870 CA population of Natives.
200
30,000 (120,000 killed in the genocide in 22 years)
70
SF Chinese workers
1872. Make up half of the factory workforce.
71
Panic of 1873
Same depression that causes the North to lose interest in reconstruction causes CA to lose interest in Chinese.
72
Constitution Ratified
1878. The 1849 constitution is ratified and amended at the Sacramento convention in reaction largely to RR power, the new convention wanted limit the power of corporations which were dominating the state. The new constitution forbade companies from ever hiring "coolies." In article 14, it mentions that the presence of foreigners ineligible to become citizens (which was Native Americans, Chinese and Japanese) is dangerous to the wellbeing of the state.
73
CA's Guilded Age Villian
1890. Collis P. Huntington.
74
First state sponsored road connects a section of the California trail to Lake Tahoe.
1895.
75
1900 population of CA Natives
Technology snapshot
16,000
Refrigerated railcars provide new market for CA fruit in the East. SF needs more water for its growing population.
South Pacific Railroad owns 11% of CA's land.
76
Union Labor Party's candidate becomes mayor of SF
1902.
77
CA is leading oil producing state in U.S.
1903.
78
The public finds out that the CA native treaties were never ratified.
1905.
79
SF earthquake
1906. Now SF really needed water. 80% of the city destroyed. 3,000 dead. Silver lining was that it destroyed the corrupt union backed political machine that progressive republicans were against.
80
Gentleman's Agreement
1907. Japan agreed to not send immigrants.
81
State Highways Act
Mexican Revolution
LA open shop
1910. Legislature passes act to create a system of highways on bond (not toll) to connect all counties. These bonds are passed over the decades.
Mexicans come to CA because of unrest during revolution.
People not required to join unions in order to work in manufacture in LA, like they are in SF.
82
Hiram Johnson
1911. Direct democracy advocate (republican). In 1911 he voted in a way to change the CA constitution by initiative (changing laws) referendum (disapproving legislature laws) and recall (getting rid of officials) all by public ballot and if voted for, added to the constitution itself.
83
Women can vote in CA
1911.
84
Bull Moose
1912. CA governor Johnson, an anti-machine corruption, anti-railroad Republican runs with Teddy in Bull Moose Party against Wilson.
85
Mulholland's LA Aqueduct
1913. Completed. Takes water from lake Owen south of Mono lake, across Mojave. Only uses gravity. Allows LA population to skyrocket.
86
Raker Act
Lincoln Highway
1913. Allows for damming of Toulumne River in Yosemite's Hetch Hetchy valley.
1913. Transcontinental motorway connects SF to NYC
87
Alien Land Law
1913. Japanese people who are not eligible for citizenship (meaning not born in U.S.) not allowed to own land.
88
50% of CA workers employed in service sector
1920. Shows that CA is moving away from industry before the rest of the nation.
89
Naval Base San Diego
1920. Transferred from a private company to the U.S. Navy.
90
2-cent per Gallon tax
1923. Added to pay for highways.
91
Hetch Hetchy
1923. Reservoir completed. Provides SF with power and water.
92
Federal Citizenship Act
1924. Gives NA right to vote (because they weren't given that right in the 1870 15th amendment).
93
Route 66
1926. Connects Santa Monica to Chicago.
94
Upton Sinclair
Depression
1934. Runs for governor.
| 1. 8 million Mexican Americans deported. Jobs only available for "real" Americans.
95
Filipino Repatriation Act
1935.
96
Salinas Lettuce Strike
1936. Depression era Central Valley Water project makes the central valley into agricultural land. Agricultural labor was not allowed to organize unlike the very powerful industrial labor unions because of anti-Mexican and Filipino racism.
97
Act for "Protection" of Indians finally repealed
1937.
98
1940 air quality
pollution already choking out LA residents as people flock to the defense industry, build houses, need roads.
99
Braceros
Fort Pendleton Established
1942
1942. As CA military bases increase from 16 to 41 during the war.
100
Zoot Suit Riots
1943.
101
1950 Male/Female population
finally reaches equilibrium after a century of female shortage.
102
Disneyland
1955
103
Dalip Saund.
1957. First Asian American to serve in U.S. congress (Siik).
104
Dodgers and Giants
1958. Leave NYC and come to LA and SF.
105
CA surpasses NY as most populous state.
Mario Savio
1962.
1964. Speech at Berkeley "bodies up on the gears"
106
Larry Iliang
1965. Delano Grape Strike, walkoffs Been organizing since the 30s.
107
Watts Uprising
1965.
108
Bobby Seale
Sal Castro
1966. Cofounds BPP with Huey Newton.
| 1968. EastLos Walkouts. Brown Berrets. Sleepins. COINTELPRO
109
Richard Oaks
1969. Alcatraz occupation by AIM.
110
Santa Barbara Oil spill
1969.
111
Huey Newton
Chicano Moratorium
1970. His conviction is reversed.
1970. Against overrepresentation of Chicanos in Vietnam war (sent to front lines as expendable, similar to Nisei units in WWII) Largest demonstration, 30,000 from a single ethnic group in U.S. history up to that point. COINTELPRO.
112
People v. Anderson
1972. CA supreme court finds capital punishment inherently unconstitutional (CA constitution) because of CA constitution's difference in 8th Amendment wording. U.S.= cruel AND unusual. CA= cruel OR unusual. Since death penalty is unusual it is unconstitutional regardless of its cruelty.
113
Harvey Milk
1977. CA's first openly gay public official.
114
Property taxes
1978. Skyrocket so voters go conservative and vote against them, meaning no funds for progressive issues they once fought over a decade earlier.
115
CA economy snapshot 1980
CA is world's 8th largest economy.
116
Pruneyard Shopping Center V. Robins
SCOTUS upholds CA constitution's more liberal view of free speech, even giving free speech on other's private property (Islamophobic hs students giving pro-Israel pamphlets and denouncing the UN resolution that Zionism was racism, at a grocery store parking lot.)
117
CA more students per teacher
1986. Because of voting against property taxes, CA residents refuse to fund the education of other people's children. Very low funding for education.
118
Prop 63
1986. English official language.
119
Cold War Ends
1991. CA aeronautics industry collapses and military bases closed. Leads to an almost post apocalyptic state for many people, makes many whites poor and lose privileges which cause racial tensions with Blacks, Latinos who never had those privileges to begin with. Fuels Rodney King Uprisings.
120
Prop 187
1994.
121
Californians recall a governor
2003.
122
SB 620
2005. "Apology Act for 1930's Mexican Repatriation Program"
123
Pope canonizes Serra
2015. Why apologize when you can canonize?
124
Gavin apologizes
2019. Sorry about the California Genocide guys.
