Bilingualism Flashcards
(44 cards)
What is Bilingualism?
Ability to speak 2 languages in daily life
What is Bilingualism?
Ability to speak more than 2 languages in daily life
What is SG described as?
A country of societal/institutionalised bilingualism - official/unofficial presence of 2 or more lang in social context
What is Diglossia?
2 languages or lang varieties exisiting side by side in a community (H & L variety)
What is Polyglossia?
More than 2 languages or varieties
What are the Attitudes to High Variety?
Prestige & Status (SSE, Standard SG Mandarin, Standard Malay, Standard Tamil)
What are the Attitudes to Low Variety?
Stigmatisation, varied perceptions like solidarity, identity
SCE, Colloquial SG Mandarin, Colloquial Malay, Bazaar Malay, Baba Malay, Colloquial Tamil
What is a Domain?
A typical interaction in a typical setting between typical participants in which a particular speech variety is regularly used
What are the Domains of Language Use?
1) Family
2) Friendship
3) Religion
4) Education
5) Employment
What is Receptive Bilingualism?
Ability to understand a second language but lacks sufficient exposure to L2 in childhood to achieve native-like proficiency to speak it
What are the Orders of Second Language Acquisition?
1) Sequential Bilingualism - learning 1 lang then another
2) Simultaneous Bilingualism - learning 2 languages from birth
What are Balanced Bilinguals?
Equally fluent in both languages
What are Dominant Bilinguals?
Have 1 stronger & 1 weaker language
What tests can be used to measure proficiency/use?
1) Self-ratings
2) Questionnaires
3) Vocab Tests
4) Judgement of Experts
5) Grammaticality Judgements
6) Name pictures in both languages
7) Fluency, speed, automaticity
8) Reading Speed
9) Duration of repetition of sentences in 2 languages
10) Directionality of Code-mixing
11) Ability to Translate
12) Mean Length Utterance
13) Vocab Richness
14) Accent Ratings
15) Weak Lang Scale
What is Code-Switching (CS)?
Alternate use of 2 or more language or varieties in the same discourse
What is Intersentential CS?
the alternation in a single discourse between two languages, where the switching occurs after a sentence in the first language has been completed and the next sentence starts with a new language
What is Intrasentential CS
the alternation in a single discourse between two languages, where the switching occurs within a sentence.
What can CS function as?
1) Compensatory Strategy to fill Linguistic Gaps
2) Speech Style
What is CS also known as?
1) Code-mixing
2) Translanguaging
3) Code alternation
4) Language Switching
What is situational CS?
Occurs when languages used change according to situations or speech events in which conversants find themselves
What is Metaphorical CS?
Occurs when a change of topic requires a change in the language used
What are some reasons for CS?
1) Change in setting/ speech event
2) Change in topic
3) Change in interlocutors
4) Indicate Grp Identity
5) Fit in
6) Quote someone
7) Clarify one’s utterance
8) Express solidarity/gratitude
9) Soften/strengthen command
10) Get something
11) Say something in secret
12) Translate technical or idiomatic speech from foreign language
13) Compensate for lang proficiency gaps in weaker language
What is the Dominant model of insertional CS?
Matrix Language-Frame Model
What is Matrix Language?
Either the L1 or language in which morphemes or words are more frequently used in CS
