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Bill- GIT Flashcards

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1
Q

What are some risk factors for developing Displaced abomasum

A

Void left by involuting uterus not taken up by rumen
Omentum attached to abomasum is stretched > movement of abomasum
Decreased food intake > smaller rumen > abomasum moves

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2
Q

What is LDA?

A

Left displaced abomasum- abomasum becomes enlarged and gas and fluid filled

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3
Q

Where is the LDA displaced to?

A

Left side between rumen and left abdominal wall

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4
Q

When and why does LDA normally occur

A

One month after parturition

High grain and low fibre diets because of high VFAs

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5
Q

What is the presenting sign for LDA

A

Treated for other conditions but nothing has worked and disinterested in eating

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6
Q

What are the clinical signs of LDA

A

Present but faint rumen sounds
Ping on left
Loss of weight and anorexia
Ketonuria

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7
Q

What cound be a differential diagnosis with the signs presented

A

Primary ketosis- occurs at same stage, ketonuria and off food, losing weight
RDA

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8
Q

What is the treatment for LDA

A

Rolling
Left paralumbar fossa omentopexy/abomasopexy
Inverted L block
Decompress abomasum with large bore needle
Tension on omentum
ID pylorus
Include greater omentum into ventral part of first suture layer
Close skin using staples

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9
Q

What are some options for supportive treatment for LDA

A

Treat ketosis with propylene glycol
Calcium to correct hypomotility
Electrolytes if dehydrated
NSAIDs and antibiotics maybe

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10
Q

Which is more common, LDA or RDA

A

LDA

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11
Q

What is RDA?

A

Right displaced abomasum
Atony of abo followed by accumulation of feed, fluid and gas
Displace dorsally on right side of abdomen

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12
Q

What is RDA and volvulus

A

RDA which may then rotate causing obstruction and nerve damage
Anticlockwise normally
More acute than RDA, abdo catastrophe

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13
Q

What are the presenting signs of RDA

A

Similar to LDA

Treated for other conditions but nothing has worked and disinterested in eating

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14
Q

What are the clinical signs of RDA

A

Elevated HR, flank watching, ping on right side
Fluid splashing with ballotment
May have ketosis

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15
Q

What does the Clinical Pathology of RDA look like

A

Dehydration
Metabolic alkalosis
Hypochloraemia and hypokalaemia due to continual secretion into abo

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16
Q

What is AV

A

Abomasal volvulus
Follows RDA normally
May be palpated per rectum

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17
Q

How quickly should you treat AV

A

Animals die within 48-96hrs because of shock, toxaemia and dehydration

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18
Q

How do you treat RDA

A

Medical- spasmolytic drugs and Ca
Normally surgically
Right flank omentopexy or pyloropexy
Inverted L block
Displace gas before it can be corrected with large bore needle
Reposition abomasum and suture closed in 3 layers

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19
Q

What are the three layers that should be closed when fixing an RDA

A

1st muscle layer, perioneum and abomasum
2nd muscle layer
Skin- Ford interlocking

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20
Q

Post op care for a RDA

A

Oxytet for 5d
Propylene glycol orally BID for 3d
Oral fluids

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21
Q

Who is affected by abomasal ulceration

A

High producers with lots of silage or concentrate, feedlot cattle and calves going from milk to high fibrous diet

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22
Q

Clinical signs of abomasal ulceration

A

GI haemorrhage leading to anaemia and melena
Bruxism with low pressure applied low in abdomen
If perforation- peritonitis

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23
Q

How can you supportively treat an abomasal ulcer

A

IV fluids, oral kaolin or pectin
Some may need a blood transfusion
Most recover slowly

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24
Q

What causes and how can you treat dietary abomasal impaction

A

Fed large amounts of poor quality hay

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25
What is the aetiology and pathogenesis of indigestion
Upset to rumen microflora New feeds suddenly introduced to diet that causes upset in rumen microflora Needs 1-2wks to adapt normally Can also follow large amounts of antibiotic
26
Clinical signs of indigestion
Anorexia, no rumination | Enlarged and doughy rumen
27
Treatment of indigestion
``` Spontaneous recovery Good quality hay Epsom salts (Mg sulphate) Gastric stimulant powder Multivitamin B injections ```
28
Prevention of indigestion
Avoid abrupt changes in diet | Gradually increase new diet daily
29
What is bloat or rumen tympany
Excessive accumulation of gas in rumen | Failure to eructate results in severe distension in rumen
30
What are the two kinds of bloat
Primary or frothy bloat (pasture bloat) | Secondary or gaseous bloat (free gas)
31
Primary/pasture/frothy bloat involves what
Excessive gas production and raising rumen fluid viscosity Small bubbles form and get trapped in a stable foam Foam prevents eructation Associated with lush green legumes
32
Presenting signs of Primary/pasture/frothy bloat
Distension of left paralumbar fossa after feeding | Abdominal pain signs
33
Clinical signs of Primary/pasture/frothy bloat
Rumen contractions increased at first then hypomotility Panting and salivation Vomiting frothy rumen contents
34
Diagnosis of Primary/pasture/frothy bloat
Normally only one animal effected | Bloat line in oesophagus on PM
35
Treatment of Primary/pasture/frothy bloat
Remove from pasture Drench with antifoaming agent if not an emergency like paraffin or vegetable oil If the cow is panting and wants to lie down you must do a stab incision Antibiotics after
36
What is the preferred anti-foaming agent
Alcohol ethoxylate based compound
37
What is secondary or gaseous bloat
Free gas in dorsal sac of rumen Chronic and recurrent Normally secondary to some form of obstruction
38
What do you expect to see when passing a gastric tube in primary and secondary bloat
Pass tube but no gas--> Primary bloat Tube does not pass --> oesophageal obstruction Tube passes easily and releases gas--> ruminal stasis, tetanus
39
What is rumen acidosis and what are the two forms of it
Sudden unaccustomed ingestion of large amounts of carb-rich foods (Per)acute rumen acidosis Subacute rumen acidosis (SARA)
40
What is the normal rumen pH
Above 5.9
41
``` What are some features of peracute rumen acidosis: pH Lactic acid Protozoa Bacteria ```
pH value below 5 Above 5mmol/L of lactic acid Absence of protozoa in ruminal fluid Strep bovis and Lactobacillus abundant
42
What is peracute rumen acidosis
Rapid fermentation of readily available carbohydrates + inadequate saliva Hypertonic rumen fluid that draws in fluid causing dehydration Low pH causes stasis Lactate absorbed into circulation causing metabolic acidosis
43
What are some clinical signs and why do they develop
Metabolic acidosis- lactic acid in blood Dehydration- hypertonic rumen fluid draws fluid from extracellular space Liver abscess- rumenitis allows entry of F.necrophorum with embolic spread to liver Laminitis- vasoconstriction of rumen fermentation products
44
What are some non specific signs of peracute rumen acidosis
Decreased rumen motility Fluid splashing on ballotment Bruxism and ataxic
45
How can you treat peracute rumen acidosis
``` admin alkalinising agents such as MgO and Mg hydroxide with stomach tube Good quality grass hay Rumenotomy and lavage in severe cases Procaine penicillin to kill bacteria into rumen Vitamin B1 NSAIDs Ca if hypocalcaemia Rumen transfaunation ```
46
What does SARA mean, when and how does it occur | pH
Sub acute rumen acidosis Early lactation Not enough fibre and too much VFAs pH between 5-5.5
47
What should be increase and what is the ratio of concentrate:forage that should be aimer for in SARA
Increase proprionate and butyrate | Aim for 60:40
48
What are some herd signs of SARA
Diarrhoea with undigested food Low milk fat % Decreased cud chewing Increased lameness
49
Diagnosis of SARA
Rumenocentesis to assess ruminal fluid
50
Prevention of SARA
Slowly introduce cows to carb-rich feed Adequate fibre Dietary additives if at risk of SARA- buffer, neutralising agents, antibiotics and rumen modifiers
51
What is traumatic reticuloperitonitis
Penetration of reticulum by sharp foreign body causing inflammation or perforation
52
Clinical signs of traumatic reticuloperitonitis and if pericardium is involved
Reluctance to move, arch back and may grunt Fever, rigid abdomen If pericardium involved will be distension of jugular veins and ventral oedema
53
Clinical pathology of traumatic reticuloperitonitis
Elevated leukocytes | Increased plasma protein and fibrinogen levels
54
How can you treat traumatic reticuloperitonitis
Antibiotics for 5-7d | Ex lap with rumenotomy to remove FB
55
What is vagus indigestion and how does it occur
Chronic condition with slow onset | Mechanical impairment of reticular motility
56
What does vagus indigestion look like
Ten to four appearance or papple shaped abdomen | With a heap of non specific signs
57
What are the classifications of vagus indigestion
Obstruction of oesophagus Failure of omasal transport Failure of abomasal outflow
58
What is the management of vagus indigestion
Determine and treat underlying cause if possible Relieve distension Overall prognosis is poor
59
What is spasmodic colic and
Hypermotility observed at milking time Severe colic signs with spontaneous recovery Need to differentiate from other GIT pain Full clinical exam
60
What are the clinical signs and how do you treat intussusception in cattle
Colic, early intense pain that settles Enlarged right abdomen Feel distended intestine on rectal Treatment normally surgical
61
Clinical signs and treatment of intestinal volvulus
``` Twist of bowel, mainly in calves Bilateral abdo distension High temp and HR Intestine felt on rectal Normally dead before diagnosis ```
62
What is the one thing that is pathoneumonic for a phytobezoar
Grey foul smelling faeces
63
Caecal dilatation and volvulus aetiology and pathogenesis
Incompletely digested starches escape from fore stomachs and metabolised in the caecum Accumulation of fluid and gas in caecum can lead to displacement and torsion
64
Clinical signs of Caecal dilatation and volvulus
Right abdominal distension Caudal ping Normal rumen activity
65
What are some clinical signs that can be associated with peritonitis
Toxaemia, pain, paralytic ileus, abdo distension | Fibrin deposition and adhesions- felt through rectal
66
What kind of clinical signs do you expect to see with lesions in the oral cavity
Drooling, protrusion of tongue Cant grab feed or chew Swelling of cheeks and dropping cud
67
What is the cause of lumpy jaw and what will you see
Actinomyces bovis- at time of tooth eruption Any injury to mucosa allows entry of the normal mouth inhabitant Swollen jaw
68
How can you treat lumpy jaw
Sodium iodide IV Procaine penicillin, oxytet, ceftiofur Poor prognosis and best to cull
69
What is the cause of woody tongue and what will you see
Actinobacillus lignieresi Gain entry by injury to tongue Swollen and hard tongue
70
How can you treat woody tongue
Sodium iodide IV | Oxytet, trimethoprim-sulpha
71
How do you recognise and what causes traumatic pharyngitis
Caused by drenching guns or FB | Swelling of throat, salivation and foul breath
72
Oral necrobacillosis
Infection of abrasions in the mouth of calves | F. necrophorum
73
What are the two entities recognised as part of oral necrobacillosis
Oral necrotic stomatitis form (oral cavity) | Laryngeal calf diphtheria form (pharynx and larynx)
74
Oral necrobacillosis lesions and clinical signs
Larynx: cough, dyspnoea and fever Mouth: foul breath, salivation
75
How to treat Oral necrobacillosis
Long course of antibiotics | Anti-inflams

Bovine Clinical Studies (2 decks)

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